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DRILL    BOOK 


DICTIONARY    WORK 


COMPILED    BY 

THOMAS    METCALF 

AND 

CHARLES    DE    GARMO 


REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


CHICAGO 
A,   C.   McCLURG   AND    COMPANY 

1915 


Copyright, 

By  maxwell  &  CO., 

A.D.  1879. 


COPYBIGHT, 

By  a.  C.  MoOLURG  &  CO., 
A.D.  1895  — A.D.  1897. 


W,  F.  HALL  PRINTING  COMPANY,  CHICAGO 


INTRODUCTION. 


Errors  in  pronunciation  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
nearly  all  our  schools.  It  is  true,  the  Dictionary  is  con- 
suited  by  persons  who  wish  to  pronounce  correctly;  yet 
learners  do  not  easily  form  the  habit  of  frequent  reference 
to  the  Dictionary,  and  even  when  they  seek  its  aid  are  com- 
monly slow  in  interpreting  its  directions^  if,  indeed,  they 
do  not  utterly  fail. 

Has  the  inquirer  a  clear  idea  of  the  value  for  which  the ' 
**  key-word  **  is  given  ?  Perhaps  his  ear  has  been  trained  to 
note  only  the  wider  differences  of  sound ;  or  it  may  have 
become  so  accustomed  to  erroneous  utterances  of  whole 
classes  of  words,  that  tongue  and  ear  are  leagued  against 
the  right.  From  whatever  causes,  there  is  often  a  failure 
to  interpret  at  sight  the  authorized  pronunciation. 

Yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  average  grammar- 
school  pupil  can  be  made  so  familiar  with  the  method  for 
indicating  sounds,  that,  with  the  Dictionary  in  hand,  he 
can  in  a  moment  assure  himself  of  the  correct  pronuncia- 
tion of  any  English  word.  To  secure  such  ability  on  the 
part  of  the  pupil  is  the  aim  of  this  handbook. 

The  essential  steps  to  this  end  are  five  in  number : 

1st.  A  thorough  study  of  the  elementary  sounds,  and 
their  mode  (or  modes)  of  representation. 

3 


346543 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

2d.  Ample  practice,  both  in  reading  various  combinations 
found  in  the  Dictionary,  and  in  representing  spoken  values 
*by  appropriate  phonetic  characters. 

3d.  Practice  in  placing  accent,  primary  and  secondary, 
and  in  giving  just  force  to  the  vowels  in  unaccented 
syllables. 

4th.  The  study  and  application  of  a  few  of  the  leading 
Principles  of  Pronunciation;  and,  to  give  efficacy  to  the 
foregoing,  we  add, 

5th.  A  thorough  drill  on  several  hundreds  of  words, 
most  of  which  are  frequently  mispronounced. 

THE   CHART, 

sound  by  sound,  must  first  receive  careful  thought  and 
forcible  utteran(?e.  Pupils  will  more  readily  master  this, 
the  "Key  to  the  Symbols,"  if  the  sounds  are  first  intro- 
duced as  represented  each  by  a  single  character,  and 
exemplified  by  a  single  word.  To  aid  in  attaining  perfect 
accuracy  in  uttering  the  elementary  sounds,  careful  direc- 
tions are  given  touching  the  position  of  the  vocal  organs, 
especially  when  forming  those  sounds  that  are  often  mis- 
conceived.    Then  follows  a 

TABLE   OF  EQUIVALENTS  — 

a  valuable  acquisition  to  any  one  who  is  to  form  the  habit 
of  consulting  the  Dictionary. 

THE   CHAPTER   ON  ACCENT 

is  quite  full,  especially  in  reference  to  placing  the  secondary 
accent,  and  to  determining  the  value  of  unaccented  vowels ; 


INTRODUCTION,  6 

since,  if  we  except  the  gross  error  of  misplacing  the  pri- 
mary accent  or  giving  a  false  value  to  the  unaccented  vowel, 
nothing  sooner  mars  pronunciation  than  a  pedantic  overdoing 
or  a  vulgar  suppression  of  an  unaccented  vowel. 

THE  PRINCIPLES   OF  PRONUNCIATION, 

to  which  considerable  space  has  been  given,  are  expressed 
in  simple  language.  The  Principles  must  first  be  under- 
stood, then  applied,  then  enforced  in  all  subsequent  utter- 
ances.    To  aid  in  this,  extended 

LISTS   OF  WORDS   OFTEN  MISPRONOUNCED 

are  next  presented.  Many  words  which  are  used  in  illus- 
tration of  the  Principles  are  here  repeated  —  in  this  instance, 
however,  unmarked. 

HOW  TO  USE   THE   LISTS. 

From  the  very  beginning,  let  the  common  error  or  errors 
in  pronunciation  be  exposed,  the  fitting  Principle  applied, 
and,  in  general,  the  meaning  of  the  word  determined.  Here, 
if  anywhere,  haste  makes  waste. 

EACH  PUPIL'S  CHARACTERISTIC   FAULTS 

should  be  noted  —  the  more  if  they  occur  throughout  classes 
of  words ;  for,  however  offensive  may  be  such  utterances  as 
liorHzon,  Febyuary,  in'quiry,  perzist,  deestriclc,  it  is  of  far  more 
importance  to  note  an  error  which  runs  all  through  one's 
speech.  One  pupil  can  not  utter  the  word  move  correctly : 
it  contains  the  sound  oo.  Another  does  not  sound  the  r  in 
baim,  horse,  ivord.  A  third  says  "  bot,''  for  bought :  broad  o 
is  foreign  to  his  tongue.     Whatever  the  fault,  it  is  probable 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

that  a  list  of  words  adapted  to  its  correction  has  been 
inserted,  either  under  a  Principle  or  under  the  head,  "  How 
to  find  the  Elementary  Sounds  " ;  if  not,  let  a  list  be  formed. 
Let  the  pupil  have  daily  drill  upon  this  list  until  the  fault 
disappears.  All  this  care  will  be  rewarded,  for  correct  pro- 
nunciation is  an  essential  element  in  a  good  education. 

A  Principle  having  been  mastered  by  the  pupil,  he  has 

A  GUIDE   TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION 

of  many  words.  So  far  as  they  are  concerned,  all  uncer- 
tainty is  removed.  But  this  very  confidence  will  show  him 
the  wisdom  of  consultation  in  all  cases  of  doubt.  In  this 
way  the  intelligent  use  of  the  Dictionary  will  become  a  habit. 
Concluding  the  volume  will  be  found 

A   MARKED   LIST  FOR   STUDY. 

Such  a  list  has  little  value  for  recitation,  but  will  be 
found  a  great  saving  of  time  in  the  looking  up  of  words. 
Pupils  should  not  consult  this  list  while  reciting  upon  the 
test  lists. 


^O 


CHAPTER  I. 


*?, 


/^ 


PHONIC  CHARTS,  TABLES  OF  EQUIVALENTS,  AND  TESTS 
IN  PRONUNCIATION  AND  REPRESENTATION! 


7  ■ 

WEBSTER'S   GUIDE   TO  PRONUNCIATION. 
I.  —  Key  to  the  Symbols. 


i 


a  as  in  ale,  fate,  la'bor. 
a  as  in  sen'ate,  del'icate,  ae'rial. 
a  as  in  care,  share,  par'ent. 
vi.  a  as  in  am,  add,  ran'dom. 
a  as  in  arm,  far,  la'ther. 
a  as  in  ask,  grass,  pass,  dance. 
,^^<^^^as4^fi^ft«l,  Indian t,-§-uid'ane€ . 
^  as  in  all,  awe,  swarm,  talk.) 
e  as  in  eve,  mete,  serene'. 
f    t  as  in  event',  depend',  soci'ety. 
"^    ^  as  in  end,  met,  excuse',  efface'. 
e  as  in  fern,  her,  er'piine,  ev'er. 
^  e  as  in  re'cent,  de'cency,  pru'dence. 
i  as  in  ice,  time,  sight,  inspire'. 
^  1  as  in  ide'a,  tribu'nal,  btol'ogy. 
i  i  as  in  ill,  pin,  pity,  admit'. 
o  as  in  old,  note,  over,  propose'. 
6  as  in  obey',  tobac'co,  sor'row. 
6  as  in  Orb,  lord,  or'der,  abhor'. 
o  as  in  odd,  not,  tor'rid,  occur'. 
u  as  in  use,  pure,  du'ty,  assume'. 


\ 


u  as  in  unite',  ac'tuate,educa'tion.  N 
u  as  in  rude,  ru'mor,  intrude',  j^ 
u  as  in  full,  put,  fulfill'.     ^^-/V   / 
ii  as  in  up,  tub,  stiid'y.         /    -' 
u  as  in  urn,  furl,  concur 'y' 
y  as  in  pit'y,  in'jury,  divin'ity. 
oo  a^n  fool,  food,  moon,  woo'ing. 
do  as  in  foot,  wool,  book,  good. 
ou  as  in  out,  thou,  devour'. 
oi  as  in  oil,  nois'y,  avoid'. 
N,  representing  the  nasal  tone  (as 

in  French  or  Portuguese)  of  the 

preceding  vowel ;  as  in  ensemble 

(aNsaNb'l). 
•  (for  voice-glide),  as  in  par'don 

(par'd'n),  eat'en  (et'n). 


g  (hard) :  as  in  go,  begin,  anger. 

s  (surd,  or  sharp):  as  in  so,  this, 
haste ;  for  c,  as  in  cell ;  for  sc, 
as  i7i  scene ;  for  ss,  as  in  hiss. 


8 


DRILL-BOOK 


z  (like  sonant  s):  as  in  zone ;  for  s, 
as  in  is,  wise ;  for  x,  as  in  Xeno- 
phon. 

ch  ( =  tsh)  :  as  in  chair,  much  ; 
for  tch,  as  in  match. 

sh :  for  ch,  as  i7i  machine  ;  for  ce, 
as  in  ocean  ;  for  ci,  as  in  social ; 
for  sci,  as  in  conscious ;  for  s, 
as  in  sure ;  for  se,  as  in  nau- 
seous ;  for  si,  as  in  pension  ;  for 
ti,  as  in  notion. 

zh  (  =  sh  made  sonant) :  for  z,  as 
in  azure  ;  for  zi,  as  in  glazier ; 
for  s,  as  in  pleasure ;  for  si,  as 
in  vision ;  for  g,  as  in  rouge, 
cortege. 

j  ( =  dzh) :  for  g,  as  in  gem  ;  for 
gi  and  ge,  as  in  religion,  pigeon  ; 
for  di,  as  in  soldier ;  for  dg,  as 
in  edge. 

k :  for  ch,  as  in  chorus ;  for  c,  as 


in  cat ;  for  ck,  as  in  pack  ;  for 

qu,  as  in  conquer ;  for  que,  as 

in  pique. 
kw :  for  qu,  as  in  queen. 
ks  (surd) :  for  x,  as  in  vex,  exit. 
gz  (sonant)  :  for  x,  as  in  exist, 

exact. 
f :  for  ph,  as  in  philosophy ;  for 

gh,  as  in  laugh. 
hw :  for  wh,  as  in  v^^hat,  w^hy. 
t :  for  ed,  as  in  baked  ;  for  th,  as 

in  Thomas,  thyme. 
ng :  as  in  long ;  for  ngue,  as  in 

tongue. 
n  (like  ng)  :  for  n  before  the  sound 

of  k  or  hard  g,    as  in  bank, 

linger. 
n  (the  ordinary  sound)  :  as  in  no. 
th  (sonant) :  for  th,  as  in  then, 

this,  breathe. 
th  (surd):  as  in  thin,  worth. 


Summary  for  Becitation. 

p         X     jfLong  (narrow  2)  vowels     eeua^aOodo 

I  Short  (wide  2)  vowels     .1   —     ii      eS     a     6   —   ob 

Long  unaccented  vowels a    e     i      6    u 

Obscure  unaccented  vowels  before  1 

>     a    e 
Z,  n  and  .     .     .     .• i 

Cognates  1 1  Subvocals b    d    j     g    v    tb    z    zh 

I  Aspirates p     t    ch    k    f     th     s    sh 

Liquids ImnrnN 

1  By  cognate  sounds  is  meant  those  tbat  are  produced  with  the  vocal  organs  in 
similar  position:  as  in  9,,  S;  a,  a;  v,  f;  x,  s. ) 

2  By  narrow  and  wide  are  meant  the  relatively  narrow  and  wide  positions  of  the 
vocal  organs  when  uttering  the  so-called  long  and  short  vowels :  this  is  observed,  for 
example,  in  the  cognates  e,  1 ;  a,  S ;  a,  a,  etc. 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK, 


II. — Values  and  Names  of  Phonetic  Characters. 


CHARACTER. 

e 
e 
u 
a 

a 

a 
a    -  6 

o 
t»  o    oo 


Long  Vowels  (Accented). 

VALUE.  NAME. 

as  in    .     .    .    eve long  e 

earth tilde  e 

urn caret  u 

ale long  a 

air long  flat  a 

arc long  Italian  a 

or broad  o 

own long  o 

ooze  ....    0    .  long  double  o 


Long  Vowels  (Unaccented). 

a        as  in  ....     .  ae'rial,  chaot'ic,  sal'utary 

e        "  epit'ome,  create',  society 

i         *'  tde'a,  biol'ogy,  trtbu'nal 

6        **  obey',  tobac'co,  eu'logy 

ti        '*  tinite',  em'ulate,  na'ture 


6 

a 

a^ 

5 

do 


Short  Vowels. 

.     .     .  in short  i 

...  up ''     u 

...  ell "     e 

.     .     .  an "a 

.     .     .  ask  {all  brief)     .     short  Italian  a 

.     .     .  odd short  o 

.    .    .  book short  double  o 


CHARACTER. 

i 

oi 
ou 
u 


Diphthongs. 


l^ALUE.  NAME  OF  ELEMENT. 

ice long  I 

oil diphthong  oi 

out '*       ou 

mute long  u 


10 


DRILL-BOOK 


Consonants  - 

—  SONAI 

b       .    ,    .    asin    ,    .    . 

but 

d 

did 

J 

jiig 

s: 

gav    . 

V 

vine 

tb 

this 

z 

zone 

zh 

azure 

Sonant,  or  Subvocal. 


same  as  that  of  character 


.    .     .    .     .    .    sonant  th 

same  as  that  of  character 


Consonants  —  Surd,i  or  Aspirate. 


p     .   . 

.    as  in    . 

.    .    pay    .    . 

.     same  as  that  of  character 

t      .    . 

u 

.    .    tin     .    . 

U                     ((                     u 

ch     .    . 

u 

.    .    church  .  , 

((                 ((                 (( 

k       .    . 

u 

.    .    kin    .    . 

((                     ((                     u 

f        .    . 

u 

.     .    fine    .   '. 

u                 (;                 tt 

th      .    . 

.     .    thin  .     . 

non-sonant  th 

s 

.    .    say    .    . 

.     same  as  that  of  character 

sh 

u 

.    ,    shine 
Liquids. 

U                        ((                       (( 

1 

,     .    as  in    . 

.    .    low 

.     same  as  that  of  character 

m 

" 

.    .    may 

U                       ((                       (( 

n 

u 

.    .    no 

u                u                u 

r 

u 

.    .    ray 

((                       U                       (( 

n 

u 

.    .    sing 

underlined  n 

N 

It  ^ 

.     .    entree    . 

nasal  n 

y 

w 
h 
wh 


Other  Consonants. 

.    .    yes   .    .    .     same  as  that  of  character 
.    .    way  ...  "  "  " 

.     .    he,  hi,  ho  .  "  *'  " 

.     .    while     .     .  "  *'  « 


1  See  §  169,  Webster's  Guide  to  Pronunciation. 


\    *• 


12^  DICTIONARY  WORK. 


11 


III. —Table  of  Equivalents.! 


CHAR.  EQUIV. 

e  =  ee  =  i 
e  =  i    =y 
a  =  e 
a  =  e 

0  =  a  (broad  a) 
oo  =  o    =  u 

CHAR.  EQUIV. 

j  =  g  (soft) 
g  =  g  (hard) 
z  =  § 


CHAR.                 EQUIV. 

CHAR.     EQUIV. 

i  =  y 

i  =  y 

0  =  6 

ol  =  oy 

ou  =  ow 

u  =  ew 

6  =  a 

ob  =  o  =  u 

CHAR.                EQUIV. 

CHAR.     EQUIV. 

k  =  «  =  eh 

n  =  ng 

f=ph 

X  =  ks 

8  =  c  (cedilla  c) 

5=gz 

sh  =  ch 

1  Some  of  these  equivalents  are  used  by  Webster  only  in  the  Unabridged  and  older 
Dictionaries.    They  are  explained  on  p.  Iv  in  the  International. 


12  DRILL-BOOK 

HOW  TO   FIND  THE   ELEMENTARY   SOUNDS.^ 

I. 

Of  the  characters  presented  in  the  chart,  all  but  three 
(do,  %  and  zh)  are  initial  in  the  words  chosen  for  illustra- 
tion [see  pp.  7-9].  In  general,  to  arrive  at  the  value  of 
any  character,  pronounce  the  illustrative  word,  being  mind- 
ful to  prolong  the  initial  element ;  after  doing  this  several 
times,  drop  all  sounds  but  the  first.  This  will  be  the  value 
sought.  Pronounce  eve,  prolonging  the^.  Now  begin  again, 
but  stop  before  sounding  v.  Long  e  is  thus  produced.  Pro- 
nounce ray,  prolonging  r.  Drop  the  sound  of  a,  and  the 
value  of  r  is  left. 

In  the  same  way  find  the  initial  values  of  the  following 
words :  eve,  e ;  earth,  e ;  urn,  u ;  ail,  a ;  air,  a ;  arc,  a ;  or,  6 ; 
own,  o  ;  ire,  i ;  oil,  oi ;  out,  ou ;  vine,  v ;  zone,  z ;  fine,  f  ',4ow,  1 ; 
may,  m ;  no,  n ;  ray,  r ;  yes,  y  ;  way,  w ;  shine,  sh ;  say,  s. 

II. 

Each  of  the  short  vowels,  except  oo,  can  be  sounded  by 
giving  explosively  the  initial  element  of  the  illustrative 
word.  Find  the  initial  value  in  each  of  the  following 
words :  in,  i ;  up,  ti  j  ell,  6 ;  an,  ^ ;  ask,  a ;  odd,  6.  To 
arrive  at  the  sound  of  oo,  pronounce  book.  Pronounce 
again,  omitting  the  b.  Short  double  o  is  now  initial,  and 
its  value  may  easily  be  obtained.  Eepeat,  sounding  these 
vowels  with  great  force. 

1  Consult  the  cuts  on  p.  Iviii  of  Webster's  International  Dictionary.  These 
show  the  positions  of  the  vocal  organs  when  vowel  sounds  are  produced. 


IJ^  DICTIONARY  WORK.  13 

III. 

The  four  subvocals  6,  d,  j,  g  should  be  sounded  with  full 
effusive  utterance.  Their  cognates,  p,  t,  ch,  and  /c,  are  ex- 
plosive, and,  like  the  explosive  vowels,  should  be  given  with 
much  force.  These  values  may  be  derived  from  the  illustra- 
tive words,  or,  perhaps  better,  thus :  Pronounce  with  great 
vigor  6b,  ed,  6j,  6g,  ep,  6t,  6ch,  6k;  then  pronounce  these 
syllables,  and  after  each  give  the  sound  of  the  final  conso- 
nant: 6b,  b;  6d,  d;  6j,  j ;  6g,  g;  6p,  p;  6t,  t;  6ch,  ch ;  6k,  k. 
Practice  on  these  sounds  until  you  give  them  forcibly. 

IV. 

In  learning  the  exact  phonetic  value  of  a  few  of  the 
characters,  some  special  difficulties  arise,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing paragraphs  will  treat. 

1.  To  arrive  at  the  sound  of  e,  first  give  e ;  then,  with 
the  organs  in  position  for  this  spund,  drop  the  middle  of 
the  tongue  slightly  and  give  the  first  sound  heard  in  earth. 
Many  persons  place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  lower 
front  teeth  in  sounding  e.  It  may  with  advantage  be  held 
there  in  giving  e. 

Since  the  sound  of  e  is  always  followed  by  that  of  r,  the 
teacher  may,  if  he  choose,  allow  these  two  elements  to  be 
given  with  one  impulse  of  the  voice.  In  case  this  is  done, 
the  teacher  must  be  sure  that  the  tongue  is  raised  after  the 
vowel,  for  only  in  this  way  can  the  sound  of  r  be  made. 

The  sound  of  u  is  most  easily  obtained  by  prolonging  that 
of  its  cognate  u.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  sound  is  pro- 
duced well  back  in  the  mouth,  whereas  that  of  e  is  made  at 
the  front,  as  described  above.     For  more  specific  information 


14  DRILL-BOOK 

concerning  these  two  sounds,  §  87  and  §  139  of  the  Guide 
to  Pronunciation  in  Webster's  International  Dictionary 
should  be  consulted. 

2.  To  sound  oo  correctly,  draw  in  the  cheeks,  project  the 
lips,  and  pronounce  this  sound  as  heard  in  ooze,  too,  do. 
This  value  can  not  be  given  without  projecting  the  lips. 

3.  The  vowels  a,  6,  and  do  are  perhaps  the  most  difficult 
ones  to  master.  The  first  two,  though  entirely  distinct,  are 
often  confounded.  To  sound  a,  give  explosively  the  syllable 
ah.  Observe  very  closely  the  position  of  the  organs,  which 
is  somewhat  wider  than  that  used  in  pronouncing  the  full 
syllable  ah.  To  give  5,  drop  the  chin  lower  than  for  sound- 
ing a,  and  throw  the  sound  upward  to  the  back  part  of  the 
roof  of  the  mouth.  Notice  that  in  sounding  5  the  opening 
in  the  back  part  of  the  mouth  is  greater  vertically  than  in 
sounding  a. 

Many  persons,  especially  those  with  full  cheeks,  find  it 
difficult  to  sound  do  correctly.  The  cheeks  should  be  drawn 
in,  and  the  lips  protruded.  To  give  the  true  value  to  this 
character  without  projecting  the  lips  is  impossible. 

4.  In  giving  ou,  be  careful  not  to  fall  into  the  somewhat 
common  error  of  sounding  it  as  ao ;  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
be  equally  careful  to  avoid  eo.  According  to  Webster,  the 
value  of  this  character  is  a_oo,  pronounced  with  one  impulse 
of  the  voice. 

5.  Long  u  =  100.  Sound  i ;  then  oo.  Kepeat  the  two  utter- 
ances, making  the  interval  between  them  shorter.  Continue 
thus,  until,  at  one  impulse  of  the  voice,  the  two  sounds 
blend.  Or,  pronounce  lute.  Pronounce  again,  omitting  the  t. 
KoV  pronounce  lu,  taking  special  notice  of  the  sounds  of  u. 
Sound  again  and  omit  the  Z,  and  you  will  have  the  exact 
value  of  long  u  as  found  in  such  words  as  lutej  lucid,  jury, 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  16 

suit,  etc.  In  certain  other  words,  such  as  use,  pure,  mute, 
the  diphthong  is  impure,  involving  the  insertion  of  the 
semivowel  y  between  the  initial  and  the  closing  vowel 
elements  (§  19,  a  and  b.  International).  For  this  reason 
long  u  initial  in  a  word  (or  in  a  syllable,  unless  immediately 
preceded  by  r  or  sh)  appears  to  be  introduced  by  the  sound 
of  y.     Thus,  unit  =  yoo  nit ;  iyiure  =  in  yoor. 

6.  The  consonant  values  of  w  and  y  are  never  terminal 
in  a  syllable,  but  are  followed  in  the  same  syllable  by  a 
vowel.  In  attempting,  for  phonic  practice,  to  sound  either 
of  these  consonants  apart  from  its  vowel,  make  it  continu- 
ous, not  abrupt. 

7.  H  cannot  be  separated  from  its  accompanying  vowel. 
Pronounce  ha,  he,  hi,  ho,  hu,  hy.  Notice  that  the  office  of  h 
is  to  cover  the  following  vowel  with  breath.  It  will  be  seen, 
on  careful  examination,  that  any  attempt  to  sound  h  alone 
will  result  in  whispering  a  vowel  with  it. 

Wli  has  for  its  initial  sound  simply  unvocalized  breath, 
poured  through  the  lips  placed  in  position  for  w.  As  a 
whole'  the  digraph  is  sounded  as  it  would  naturally  be  if 
the  order  of  the  letters  were  reversed,  thus,  hio ;  as,  when, 
while,  luhip,  pronounced  hiven,  hwile,  hicij}. 

8.  Lisping  children  and  Germans  need  to  be  carefully 
taught  respecting  the  sounds  of  s  and  th. 

The  sound  of  s  is  formed  by  forcing  unvocal  breath 
between  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper  gum. 

Th  is  produced  by  placing  the  tip  of  the  tongue  between 
the  teeth  or  against  the  upper  front  teeth,  and  forcing  vocal 
or  unvocal  breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  teeth.  If 
vocal  breath  is  used,  sonant  th  is  heard,  as  in  this;  if  unvocal 
breath,  then  non-sonant  th  is  produced,  as  in  thin  —  this  last 
is  the  sound  made  for  s  by  those  who  lisp  (lithp). 


16  DRILL-BOOK 

9.  It  is  the  habit  of  many  persons,  nearly  or  entirely  to 
supx^ress  the  sound  of  r  when  not  immediately  followed  by 
a  vowel  in  the  same  word.  This  is  wrong.  Let  r  have  its 
full  sound  wherever  it  occurs. 

10.  Even  after  the  pupils  have  become  tolerably  familiar 
with  the  sounds  represented  by  the  letters,  and  can  utter 
them  quite  well  individually,  there  is  likely  to  be  much  con- 
fusion over  the  pronunciation  of  words  containing  the  sounds 
of  a  and  a,  6  and  o,  o  and  o,  a  and  o.  To  overcome  these 
difficulties,  pupils  may  pronounce  the  following  lists  as 
directed : 

(1)  A  and  a.  —  Make  a  decided  difference  between  the 
sounds  of  a  in  day,  dare ;  fay,  fair ;  flay-er,  flare ;  hay,  hair ; 
layer,  lair;  may,  mare;  bay,  bear;  nay,  ne'er;  pay,  pair; 
ray,  r§,re;  stay-er,  stare;  pray-er,  prayer;  weigh-er,  wear; 
sway-er,  swear ;  they,  their ;  whey,  where. 

(2)  0  and  6.  —  The  following  list  is  designed  to  correct 
the  common  error  of  changing  o  to  6,  or  some  kindred 
sound.  Pronounce  in  pairs,  giving  to  o  or  a  in  the  second 
the  sound  of  awe :  Bot,  bought ;  cost,  cause ;  cod,  cawed ; 
cot,  caught;  dog,  daub;  dot,  daughter;  fond,  fawned; 
fox,  fought ;  got,  gall ;  God,  gaudy ;  hot,  haughty ;  knotty, 
naughty;  lost,  laws;  mock,  mawkish;  nod,  gnawed;  not, 
naught  and  ought;  pond,  pawned;  r5t,  wrought;  sot, 
sought;    sod,  sawed;    tot,  taught  and  thdught. 

(3)  0  and  o.  —  Show  the  difference  between  6  and  o  in 
the  following  words:  For,  four  and  fore;  or,  ore;  war, 
wore ;  born,  bourn ;  cord,  cored ;  lord,  low-ered ;  morn, 
mourn ;    warn,  worn ;    corse,  course. 

(4)  An  error  much  harder  to  correct  is  that  of  substi- 
tuting the  brief  sound  of  ah  (a)  for  short  o.  There  are  a 
few  words   in  which  6,  followed   by  ss,  st,  or  tli,  verges 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  17 

toward  broad  o,  as  in  loss,  cost,  broth  ;  but  there  is  no  word 
in  which  short  o  verges  toward  short  Italian  a.  To  say 
dag  for  dog,  Gad  for  God,  lang  for  long,  is  wrong.  Let 
the  learner  pronounce  the  following  list,  giving  the  same 
sound  to  o  or  a  in  all  the  words,  and  frequently  testing,  to 
be  sure  that  he  gives  to  none  the  sound  of  brief  ah :  Bob, 
botch,  bother,  bots,  box,  coral,  con,  compound,  cobweb, 
corrupt,  coxcomb,  dock,  doctrine,  dog,  dollar,  domino,  fog, 
doxology,  forage,  foreign,  forest,  fossil,  fox,  gobble,  God, 
goddess,  gods,  gondola,  gospel,  gossip,  hobby,  hock,  hod, 
hog,  hominy,  honor,  hop,  horizontal,  horrid,  horror,  hostile, 
hot,  hovel,  job,  jog,  j5t,  lobster,  lobby,  lock,  locket,  lodge, 
log,  lombard,  lop,  lot,  lottery,  lozenge,  mobilize,  model, 
modern,  modest,  modify,  monster,  moral,  morrow,  n5d,  non, 
nonplus,  nonsense,  nostril,  not,  novel,  object,  occupy,  odd, 
on,  pollen,  pod,  pot,  quarry,  quash,  rob,  rock,  rod,  rot,  s6b, 
sock,  sod,  soggy,  sop,  sorry,  sot,  squad,  squash,  swan,  top, 
torrid,  wad,  wan,  wand,  warrant,  was,  wash,  wasp,  watch, 
what. 


For  drill,  the  elements  should  be  given  with  much  more 
force  than  when  they  are  used  in  continuous  reading  or 
speaking,  because  much  of  indistinct,  feeble  utterance  is 
due,  on  the  one  hand,  to  weak  or  half-formed  consonants ; 
and,  on  the  other,  to  abridged  or  meager  vowels.  The 
sonant  consonants  must  be  full,  sounding;  the  siird  or 
aspirate  consonants,  sharp,  well  defined.  Thus,  the  hearer 
should  be  in  no  doubt  as  to  whether  the  speaker  is  saying 
bad  or  bat,  cab  or  cap,  ridge  or  7'ich,  sag  or  sack,  leave  or  leaf, 
with  OT  withe,  trice  or  tries. 

The  long  vowels  should  not  be  unduly  shortened,  nor  should 


18  DRILL-BOOK 

the  short  vowels  be  drawled.  Children,  invalids,  and  indo- 
lent persons  are  likely  to  introduce  the  sound  of  e  after  the 
short  vowels  —  thus,  p^en  for  pS-n,  p6en  for  p6n,  pien  for 
pm,  poed  for  pod.  Careful  drill  alone  can  correct  this 
error. 

EXEECISES  IN  PEONOUNCING  AND  EEPEE- 
SENTING. 

1.  Until  a  pupil  is  trained  to  recognize  the  value  of 
phonetic  combinations,  he  is  often  unable  to  interpret  the 
Dictionary.  As  a  test  of  his  readiness,  let  him  pronounce 
the  following  syllables,  all  of  which  are  taken  from  Web- 
ster :  al,  al,  al,  al,  gog,  cho,  an,  an,  gl,  gy,  pik,  pik,  ther, 
asp,  fae,  as,  a§,  fiz,  Qad,  cad,  tik,  or,  or,  jjer,  p6r,  anx,  anx. 
In,  in,  ine,  pish,  they,  ar,  ar,  ar,  war,  ga,  shur,  sur,  tot,  tet, 
bor,  bor,  bor,  bose,  dwor,  bo'enif,  sgf'alus,  bra'ehi,  bra,  bre, 
cho,  cho§,  choos,  cog,  aft,  gast,  mass,  mock,  la,  lis,  lis,  u, 
pass,  wach,  com,  com,  eon,  koo,  to,  coo,  rant,  krancht,  daph'ne, 
dal  san'yo,  d6m  6  nl',  di  shev',  dl  v6,',  6nou',  ta,  ta'zhi  a,  ha,  wi, 
yan,  ha  ha,  aha',  phy,  pid,  gee,  ghee,  tord,  kad,  sm6e, 
spring,  spung. 

2.  The  practice  of  representing  words  phonetically  is 
useful,  in  that  it  enables  the  pupil  more  readily  to  recog- 
nize forms  and  their  values. 

There  are  two  principal  methods  of  representing  words. 
In  the  first,  diacritical  marks,  such  as  ",  "',  ^,  are  employed 
upon  the  letters  of  the  word,  and  the  word  is  not  rewritten ; 
in  the  second,  the  word  is  rewritten  in  chart  characters.  In  - 
the  older  dictionaries  Webster  uses  both  methods ;  in  the 
International  all  words  are  rewritten. 

Let  the  pupil  study  the  two  methods  in  the  following 
words ; 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  19 

1st  method.  2d  method. 

1.  advgrtig^'  1.  coquetry  (kokgt'ri)                  ^ 

'  2.  eas'/iimer^  2.  dictionary  (dik'shunar'i)       \>J^'^  '^'"' 

3.  chog^n  3.  decision  (de  sizh'tin)                       -^^^ 

4.  Qiv'il  4.  conscientious  (kon'shi  gn'sMs) 

5.  ea/m  5.  delusion  (delti'zliun) 

6.  cam             '  6.  national  (nasli'unal) 

7.  broach  7.  aytxilTary  (agzil'yary) 

8.  b6m)i  8.  exaggerate  (ggzaj'erat) 

9.  Ap^ala'chian  9.  question  (kwSs'chun) 
10.  app^r'gl  10.  azure  (azh'ur) 

Note  1. —  In  the  first  set,*  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  silent  letters 
are  crossed  out ;  it  should  also  be  observed  that  unaccented  vowels     ' 
are  marked. 

Note  2.  —  Observe,  that,  in  the  pronunciation  of  such  words  as 
array ^  allots  connect^  dissent^  the  sound  of  the  double  consonant  is 
dwelt  upon,  or  prolonged.  In  such  words  as  arrow,  passive,  attic, 
alley,  it  is  not  dwelt  upon. 

When  a  double  consonant  occurs  and  its  parts  belong  to  different  \ 
syllables,  cross  out  the  second  consonant  if  the  accent  falls  upon  the  / 
first  syllable  ;  otherwise  let  both  stand.     Thus  :  t^^' 

al^/y,  ally',  ar'/'o^ff,  ar  ri^'. 

In  the  older  dictionaries  the  above  methods  are  often 
combined.  Thus:  avarl'cioiis  (rlshtis),  Bgd'ouin  (b6d'o  en), 
become'  (kum),  bgnefi'cial  (fish  al). 

For  practice  in  representation,  let  the  teacher  select 
words  from  the  lists,  and  require  the  pupil  to  use  the  first 
method  whenever  it  is  adequate. 


20  DRILL-BOOK 


CHAPTER   II. 

ACCENT  — HINTS   ON   INDISTINCT  VOWELS. 


ACCENT. 


One  syllable  of  every  polysyllabic  word  receives,  in  pro 
nouncing,  more  force  than  another j,  This  stronger  force  is 
called  Accent,  and  the  syllable  which  receives  this  force 
is  said  to  be  accented. 

Let  the  pupil  pronounce  each  of  the  following  familiar 

words,  and  state  whether  the  first  or  the  second  syllable 

receives  the  greater  force :  marble,  harness,  attack,  hemlock, 

success,   circle,    immense,  canker,   eclipse,    approve,  pleasant, 

dungeon,  disgust. 

%j?^      Pronounce  the  following  with  the   accent   on   the   first 

^  J    syllable ;  each  of  the  words  when  so  accented  is  a  name- 

i  C  vs  word,  or  noun :  instinct,  August,  compouyid,  compress,  concert, 

^^}^  conduct,  conflict,   contest,   contract,   contrast,   convert,  convict, 

y->L     escort,  export,  extract,  forecast,  incense,  accent,  insult,  object, 

^  <^      prefix,    protest,    retail,    survey,    ferment,    converse,    torment, 

transfer,  transport,  undress. 

Pronounce  the  foregoing  list,  placing  the  accent  on  the 
second  syllable.  All  but  the  first  two  words  have  now 
become  verbs.  Very  many  words,  however,  may  be  used 
either  as  nouns  or  verbs,  without  change  of  accent.  Thus : 
a  gallop,  and  to  gallop ;  Si  polish,  and  to  polish;  also,  prattle, 
offer,  slander,  abode,  ally,  address,  etc. 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK.  21 

Which  syllable  of  the  following  words  is  accented? 
Atlantic^  discover,  expensive,  enjoyment,  introduce,  engineer, 
recollect,  honesty,  accident,  providence. 

Listen  while  you  pronounce  the  word  lemonade.  Which 
syllable  is  accented?  Omit  that  syllable,  and  pronounce 
the  other  two  with  the  same  force  as  before.  Which  of 
these  two  syllables  is  the  stronger  ?  This  word,  then,  has 
two  accents ;  the  stronger  is  called  primary,  the  other, 
secondary, 

Marks  of  Accent. 

The  primary  accent  is  marked  with  a  firm  oblique, 
stroke,  thus:  oh[ject,  object^,  discov^er.  The  secondary 
accent  is  marked  by  a  similar  but  lighter  stroke,  or  some- 
times by  two  light  strokes,  thus:  lem'onade^  (or  lem^^on- 
ade^). 

In  order  to  obtain  a  perfect  control  of  accent,  the  mind 
should  be  free,  for  a  time,  from  all  other  thoughts.  Some- 
times, even  with  the  accent  distinctly  marked  before  him, 
a  pupil's  mind  is  so  occupied  with  determining  the  strange- 
looking  syllables  of  the  new  word,  or  is  so  prepossessed 
by  a  false  pronunciation,  that  he  fails  to  place  the  accent 
properly.  Let  the  pupil  practice  on  the  following  combina- 
tions of  easy  syllables,  until,  at  the  call  of  the  teacher,  he 
can  give  any  one  of  them  without  hesitation : 


V2     (one' two) 

1'2  3'4 

1^2  3  4' 

1  2'    (one  two') 

V2  3'4 

12'3  4  5 

1'2  3  (one' two  three) 

1'2  3  4 

1'2  3  4'5 

12'3 

12  34' 

1'2  3'4  5 

1'2  3' 

12'3  4 

12'3  4?5  6'7  8 

22  DRILL-BOOK 

When  the  foregoing  exercise  has  been  mastered,  let  the 
pupil  pronounce  the  following,  line  by  line : 

1'2  —  in'stinct,  con'strue,  prod'uce,  lev'ee. 
1  2^  —  instinct',  ally',  mamma',  dessert'. 

-I  ^r»  o (a'rea,   con'trary,    gon'dola,    ex'quisite,   pri'mary, 

(        straw 'berry,  rasp^berry,  in'dustry. 
1  2 '3  —  coquet 'ry,  inquir'y,  lyce'um,  Balmor'al. 
1'2  3'  —  et'iquette',  co'terie',  ad'vertise',  av'alanche'. 
1  r2  '3  —  pass  'o'ver,  high  'way 'man. 
1'2  3'4  —  ad'vertis'ing,  su'perstruct'ure,  mau'sole'um. 
1  '2  3  '4  —  leg  'is!  a  'tur e,  veg  'eta  'tive,  des  'ulto  'ry. 
1'2  3  4  —  dis'putable,  a'eriform,  pri'marily. 
1  2 '3  4  —  accli 'mated,  artificer,  pyram'idal. 
1'2  3  4'  — an'tepenult',  rec'itative',  rod'omontade'. 
1  2 '3  4  5  —  incom 'parable,  censo'riousness. 
1  '2  3  4  '5  —  char  'acterist  'ic,  ad  'amante  'an. 
1  '2  3  '4  5  —  par  'liament 'ary ,  ex  'tratrop  'ical. 
1  2 '3  4 '5  —  obit'ua'ry,  confed'era'ted. 
1'2  3  4 '5  6  —  in'tercuta'neous,  ex'traprofes'sional. 
1  2'3  4'5  6'7  8  — incom'prehen'sibil'ity. 


UNACCENTED    VOWELS. 

Every  vowel,  when  under  either  the  primary  or  the 
secondary  accent,  is  distinct ;  that  is,  the  exact  sound  of 
the  vowel  is  evident,  as  short  a,  long  i,  broad  o,  etc.  In  an 
unaccented  syllable,  the  vowel  sound  is  sometimes  doubt- 
ful ;  in  most  instances,  however,  it  is  not.  For  instance,  a 
correct  speaker  says:  atten'tive,  an'gcdote,  comprehend', 
allega'tion,  chap '61,  prgs'ent,  Eminent,  prai'rie,  au'dignce, 
cal'lous. 


IJSr  DICTIONARY  WORK.  23 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  subdued  utterance 
of  a  vowel  is  a  very  different  thing  from  its  entire  suppres- 
sion. Say  mountain  (6n),  not  mounfn;  present  (ent),  7iot 
presnH.  In  the  International  and  other  recent  dictionaries 
Webster  rewrites  all  words  in  chart  characters  to  show 
their  pronunciation;  in  his  older  editions  he  leaves  most 
unaccented  vowels  unmarked^  to  show  that  they  are  light. 

Usually,  when  not  silent,  a  vowel  letter,  followed,  in  an 
unaccented  syllable,  by  any  consonant  except  r,  has  its 
natural  short  sound ;  ^  a  and  o,  however,  in  such  positions 
verge  somewhat  toward  short  u.  Examples:  civ'il,  reb'6l, 
cher'ub,  ber'yl,  colic,  mat'ln,  silence,  intent';  di'al,  bedlam, 
Ger'man,  pleas'ant,  fel'on,  hav'oc,  car'ol,  fag'ot,  gal'lop, 
at'om,  bal'lot.  In  the  International,  o  in  such  positions  is 
rewritten  as  short  u,  as  in  hisJiop  (bish'ilp),  while  a  is  itali- 
cized to  show  its  obscure  quality,  as  in  pleasant  (plgz'ant).^ 

The  vowels  in  the  unaccented  terminal  syllables  ar,  er, 
ir,  or,  ur,  yr,  are  alike  in  sound,  and  may  be  fairly  repre- 
sented by  tilde  e  or  short  u.^ 

A  in  the  unaccented  (or  but  slightly  accented)  termina- 
tions ace  and  age  has  nearly  the  sound  of  short  e  as  in  men- 
ace, mucilage,  and  is  marked  a;  thus,  menace  (mgn'as), 
mucilage  (mu'si  laj).'^  Usually,  a  has  the  same  sound  in 
terminal  ate,  as  in  frigate  (at),  pirate  (rat),  moderate  (at); 
but  in  verbs  the  ate  is  pronounced  at ;  also  in  the  adjective 
prolate,  and  in  a  few  nouns,  as  candidate,  magistrate,  check- 
mate, playmate,  casemate. 

^  See,  however,  Principle  V,  p.  25. 

*  See  Guide  to  Pronunciation^  §§  68,  69. 

»/6ic«.,§88.  *Ibid.,%4S. 


\ 


^ 


24  DRILL-BOOK 


CHAPTER   III. 


\ 


PEINCIPLES   OF   PRONUKCIATIOK 

Note  to  the  Teacher.  —  It  is  earnestly  recommended  that  the 
pupil  memorize  every  list  that  is  marked  thus  (*). 

Principle  I. 

The  letter  u  should  not  be  sounded  as  ob,  except 
when  immediately  preceded  by  the  sound  of  r,    (§  136.  i) 

Exceptions:  sure  and  its  derivatives,  also  sifmo^,  tulle, 
hurrah,  pugh. 

Pronounce  rule,  fruit,  garrulous,  ruin,  sure,  tune,  mule, 
institute,  constitution,  suture,  duty,  lucid. 

Note  1.  —  i^^constituting  or__^ending  a  syllable  should  not  be 
changed  _to_3J]ov^  '"  Say  accurate,  not  ac  u  rate ;  particyular,  not 
partic  u  lar. 

Note  2.  —  Excepting  in  the  word  sure  and  its  derivations,  u  follow- 
ing the  sound  of  sh  or  zh,  and  having  the  value  of  oo,  occurs  only  in 
unaccented  syllables,  and  is,  therefore,  somewhat  indistinct ;  as  in 
fissure.,  almost  fish  dor  ;  mensuration^  almost  shoo ;  luxury^  lukshoo  ry ; 
azure  ^  azh  dor ;  yneasure,  mezh  dor. 

Principle  II. 
A  constituting-  or  ending  an  unaccented  syllable  is 
short  Italian  a,  JJ_<5pO  ~ 

»  The  references  are  to  sections  in  the  Gvdde  to  Pronunciation,  in  Webster's  Inter- 
national Dictionary. 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK.  25 

Examples:  canine',  lapel',  again',  alas',  fatal'ity,  al'kalip 
or'nament,  pal'atable. 

Note  1.  — A  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable  is  long,,  however, 
when  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel ;  as  in  ae'rial,  ch^ot'ic,  aor'ta, 
sab'aoth. 

Note  2. — A  in  the  termination  ary,  verges  toward  th6  sound  of 
short  e,  and  in  respelling  is  marked  a,  as  in  dictionary  (a)  culinary, 
sublunary,  salutary,  secretary,  sedentary,  statuary,  February ^  January, 
seminary,  solitary,  visionary,  honorary,  hereditary,  estuary,  dignitary. 
A  has  the  same  sound  in  miscellany. 

Notice  that  when  the  a  of  terminal  ary  or  any  is  immedi- 
ately preceded  by  an  accented  syllable,  it  has  the  sound  of 
short  Italian  a,  as  stated  in  Principle  II. ;  thus,  pri'mary, 
epiph'any. 

Principle  III. 

J^  or  o  constituting  or  ending'  a  syllable^is_  long, 

(§  78  and  112.)  "  ~"    ~'~ 

Examples :  event,  memento,  locomotion,  society,  noto- 
riety, sobriety,  superior,  inferior,  theories,  coterie,  loco-foco.' 

Note  (§  112).  —  The  element  5  ends  with  a  "vanish,"  which  is  aJ^in 
to  6o.  This  closing  sound  should  be  omitted  when  o  ends  an  unac- 
cented syllable.  E  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable  has  its  true 
long  sound,  but  is  somewhat  abbreviated.  To  give  to  these  letters  in 
unaccented  syllables  their  full  long  sounds,  as  heard  in  accented  sylla- 
bles, creates  a  disagreeable  drawl  in  the  pronunciation.  Test  this  in 
the  words  locomotion,  society. 

To  indicate  tlie  omission  of  this  vanish  from  o  and  the  shortening  of 
e  when  at  the  close  of  unaccented  syllables,  Webster's  International 
Dictionary  uses  the  following  symbols :  6,  e ;  thus,  16  c6  mo'tion, 
so  ci'e  ty. 


( 


26  DRILL-BOOK 

Principle   IV. 

I  constituting"   or   ending*  an  unaccented   syllable 
n!^  not  initial,  is  always  short,  and  is  usually  short  even 
in  initial  syllables,  if  unaccented.    (§104.) 

Examples:  divide,  direct,  finance,  philosophy,  imitate, 
piazza,  tirade,  intimate,  indivisible,  nobility. 

In  the  initial  syllables  i,  bi,  chi,  cli,  cri,  pri,  tri,  however, 
i  is  generally  long. 

Examples :  idea,  idle,  isothermal,  biology,  Chinese,  chirur- 
gery,  climatic,  criterion,  primeval,  triangular,  tripod. 

Note  1.  —  When  i  is  long  but  unaccented  it  is  marked  thus  { ;  as  in 
bi  ol'o  gy. 

Note  2.  —  In  Principle  IV.,  no  reference  is  had  to  proper  names, 
such  as  Levii  Eli ;  nor  to  Latin  words,  such  as  alibi,  literati. 

Principle  V. 

(1)  E  before  terminal  n  should  always  be  silent  in 
participles,  and  also  in  most  other  words.     (§  95.) 

lExamples :  given  (giv'n),  taken  (taWn),  bitten  (bit'n),  broken, 
spoken,  riven,  fallen,  stolen,  swollen,  frozen,  hidden,  laden, 
ridden,  shaken,  written,  arisen,  beaten,  bidden,  chidden,  eaten, 
forsaken,  gotten,  risen,  smitten,  stridden,  stricken,  trodden, 
graven,  proven,  riven,  slidden,  striven,  woven  (participles) ; 
also  heaven,  seven,  eleven,  often,  even,  sadden,  widen,  madden, 
lengthen,  oaken,  wooden,  brazen,  leaden,  burden,  craven,  golden, 
garden,  gladden,  happen,  harden,  haven,  open,  ripen,  token, 
waken,  warden,  chasten,  awaken. 


m  DICTIONARY  WORK.  27 

(2)  But  in  the  following' words  e  must  be  sounded: 

*Aspen,  chicken,  gluten,  hyphen,  kitchen,  lichen,  linden, 
marten,  mitten,  patten,  rowen,  sudden,  yewen. 

(3)  It  must  also  be  sounded   in  any  word  (not  a 
participle)  in  which  terminal  en  is  immediately  pre-    1/ 
ceded  by  Ij  in,  n,  or  r.^  ^ 

Examples:  women,  lingn,  omen,  barrgn,  Hel6n,  Align, 
Ellgn,  woolen,  poll6n. 

Principle  VI. 

(1)  E  before  terminal  I  should  usually  be  sounded. 

(§  02.)  -^ 

Examples:  lev6l,  bev6l,  nov6l,  nickel,  canc6l,  vessel, 
cliapgl,  gravgl,  hov6l,  camel,  channel,  kernel,  Ab6l,  Mabel, 
panel,  model,  funnel,  flannel. 

(2)  But  in  the  following  words  the  e  before  termi- 
nal I  must  not  be  sounded: 

*Betel  (peHl),  chattel  (chaftl),  drivel,  easel,  grovel,  hazel, 
mangel-wurzel,  mantel,  mussel,  navel,  ravel,  shekel,  shovel, 
shrivel,  snivel,  swivel,  teasel,  weasel,  and  their  derivatives.         ^ 

Principle   YII. 
In  all  but  the  following  words,  i  before  terminal 
^  or  n  must   be  sounded :  "^ devil,  evil,  weevil,  basin, 
cousin^  raisin. 

Pronounce  Latin,  satin,  matin,  spavin,  anvil,  civil,  cavil, 
council,  peril,  javelin,  lentil,  pistil,  resin,  fusil,  coffin,  codicil, 
axil. 


28  DRILL-BOOK 

Note  (§  42).  —  The  termination  ain^  when  accented,  is  an;  when 
unaccented,  it  is  usually  en.  Thus,  remain'  =  reman' ;  cap'tain  = 
cap'ten  ;  mountain  =  mounten. 

Principle  YIII. 

The  eig-lit  words,  ""hath,  cloth,  lath,  moth,  inouth, 
oath,  path,  wreath,  and  these  only,  require  sonant 
ths  in  the  plural.     (§264.) 

Pronounce  moths,  pa^/is,  truths,  oaths,  heaths,  cloths,  baths, 
laths,  deaths,  ivreaths,  mouths.  Sabbaths,  sheaths,  piths,  plinths^ 
lengths,  widths,  depths,  breadths,  earths,  myths,  Goths,  fourths, 
breaths. 

Principle  IX. 

O  in  a  final  unaccented  syllable  ending*  in  a  con- 
sonant, frequently  verges  toward  the  sound  of  short 
u;  as  in  custom,  felon,  bigot,  bishop,  method,  carol, 
Bfntofi.  But  it  has  its  regular  short  sound  in  penta- 
gon, hexagon,  octagon,  etc.     (§  39.) 

When,  however,  the  termination  on  is  immedi- 
ately preceded  by  c,  cJc,  s,  or  t,  the  o  is  commonly 
suppressed.     (§§  39,  95.) 

Examples :  bacon  (bak'n),  beacon,  beckon,  benison,  button, 
cotton,  crimson,  damson,  deacon,  garrison,  glutton,  lesson, 
mason,  mutton,  parson,  person,  poison,  prison,  reason,  reckon, 
season,  treason,  venison.  It  is  also  silent  in  ''^blazon,  pardon, 
iveapon. 

Principle   X. 
Too  much  stress  upon  unaccented  syllables  should 
be  avoided.     (§  41.) 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  29 

Note.  — This  direction  is  an  important  one,  since  it  is  quite  common 
in  this  country  to  give  undue  force  to  unaccented  syllables.  The  error 
is  most  likely  to  be  made  on  initial  syllables,  and  on  the  penult  of 
words  in  which  the  accent  properly  comes  on  the  fourth  syllable  from 
the  end. 

Examples:  lo'ca'tion  for  location;  saVva'tion  for  salva'- 
tion;  gi'gaii'tiG  for  gigan'tic;  stu'peyi'dous  for  stupen'dous; 
ter'rito'ry  for  ter'ritory;  mat'fimo'ny  for  mat'7imony ; prepar'a- 
to'ry  for  prepar^atory. 

The  pupil  should  be  taught  to  omit  the  "  vanish  "  from  o 
in  unaccented  penultimate  syllables.  The  English  go  to  the 
extreme  of  pronouncing  it  as  short  u;  thus,  matrimuny, 
territury.     This  is  not  recommended. 

Kemark.  —  According  to  Webster,  dis  is  pronounced  diz 
in  the  following  words :  disaster,  discern,  disease,  dismal,  dis- 
solve, and  their  derivatives.  It  may  be  pronounced  either 
dis  or  diz  in  the  following :  disarm,  disdain,  dishonest,  dis- 
honor, and  disown.    (§  258.) 

List  of  Words  containing  Short  Italian  A. 

The  following  words,  nearly  all  of  which  are  in  common 
use,  are  marked  by  both  Webster  and  Worcester  with  the 
short  Italian  sound  of  a.  In  practicing  the  list,  the  pupil 
should  avoid  giving  so  full  a  vowel  as  in  the  word  arm,  and 
should  with  still  greater  care  shun  the  sound  of  a  heard  in 
dm. 


abaft 

aft 

alas 

ask 

bask 

advance 

after 

amass 

asp 

basket 

advantage 

aghast 

ant 

ass 

blanch 

30 

DRILL-BOOK 

blast 

contrast 

glass 

master 

raft 

bombast 

craft 

graft 

mastiff 

rafter 

branch 

dance 

grant 

mischance 

rasp 

brass 

draft 

grasp 

nasty 

repast 

cask 

draught 

grass 

pant 

shaft 

casket 

enchant 

haft 

pass 

slant 

cast 

entrance 

hasp 

passover 

staff 

chaff 

fast 

lance  * 

past 

surpass 

chance 

flask 

lass 

pastor 

task 

chandler 

France 

last 

pasture 

trance 

chant 

gasp 

mask 

plaster 

vast 

clasp 

ghastly 

mass 

prance 

waft 

class 

glance 

mast 

quaff 

IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  31 

CHAPTER   IV. 

COMMON  WORDS   FREQUENTLY  MISPRONOUNCED, 


TEST  LIST  NO.   1. 

Note  1. — The  figure  (2)  or  (3)  appended  to  a  word  in  this  list 
requires  the  pupil  to  give  that  number  of  pronunciations  of  the  word, 
rims,  "associate  (2)"  asks  the  pupil  to  pronounce  and  define  this 
word  as  a  nouyi  and  as  a  verb.  In  the  former  use,  the  a  in  "  ate  "  has 
a  sound  intermediate  between  a  as  in  ale  and  e  as  in  end ;  in  other 
words,  a  verges  toward  the  sound  of  short  e.  In  the  latter,  or  verb 
use  of  the  word,  the  a  in  "  ate  "  has  its  long  sound. 

Note  2.  —  The  teacher  should  see  that  his  pupils  know  not  only 
the  pronunciation  of  each  word,  but  also  its  meaning  —  its  proper  use 
in  a  phrase  or  sentence. 

Note  3.  — Very  many  of  the  words  illustrate  some  "  Principle"  or 
caution  previously  given.  Let  the  pupil,  in  such  cases,  tell  what  he 
has  learned. 

1  Abel,    accented,   adjective,    advertise,    aerial,    again, 

2  aged  (2),  alas,  alkali,  Allen,  allies,  ally,  almond,  ambus- 

3  cade,     antique,    American,    aorta,    ant,    Appalachian, 

4  apparatus,  apparel,  apparent,  apprentice,  apricot,  Arab; 

5  archipelago,   architect,   Arctic,   are,   area,  arisen,  Asia, 

6  Asiatic,  associate  (2),  aunt,  auxiliary,  awaken,  aye  (2), 

7  azure,  bacon,  bade,  balmoral,   balustrade,  banana,  ban- 

8  quet,  barren,  basin,  baths,  beacon,  bear,  beckon,  bellows, 

9  benison,  benzine,  bestial,  betel,  bevel,   bicycle,  bidden, 

10  bitten,  blazou,  bob,  bomb,  born,  Boston,  botch,  bought, 

11  bouquet,    bourn,    bravado,    bravo   (2),   brazen,    brooch, 

12  broken,  bronchitis,  burden,  bushel,  bulk,  button,  calm, 

13  cam,  camlet,  cancer,  canine,  canon,  canon,  captain,  carat, 


32  BRILL-BOOK 

14  carbine,  cassimere,  castanet,  catalpa,  caught,  cause,  cavil, 

15  cawed,    cayenne,     channel,     chapel,     chasten,    chattel, 

16  chicken,  chidden,  Chinese,  chosen,  citadel,  civil,  clothes, 

17  cloths,  cobweb,  coffin,  collision,  column,  comrade,  conch, 

18  conclusion,   concrete,   conduit,    congress,   conscientious, 

19  constitution,    contrary,     contrarily,    coquet,     coquette, 

20  coquetry,    coral,    cored,    cord,    corse,    cotton,    courier, 

21  course,   courtesy  (2),  cousin,   covey,   cowardice,   creek, 

22  crimson,  crochet  (2),  croquet,  croquette,   cupola,  czar, 

23  damning,  damson,  Danish,  dare,  daub,  daughter,  deacon, 

24  deaf,  deaths,  decision,  depot,  desert  (3),  dessert,  devil, 

25  dictionary,    dilate,    disarm,    disaster,   discern,   disdain, 

26  disease,  dishonest,  dishonor,   dismal,  disown,  dissolve, 

27  divide,  division,  docile,  dog,  dollar,  doth,  dreary,  drivel, 

28  driven,   duel,    duty,   easel,    eaten,   e'er,   eleven,   Ellen, 

29  eminent,  engine,  ere,  ermine,  err,  erring,  error,  etiquette, 

30  even,  evil,  exalt,  examine,  excursion,  exhaust,  exhibit, 

31  exile,  exist,  explosion,  extra,  extraordinary,  fair,  falcon, 

32  fallen,  fatigue,  faucet,  favorite,  fawned,  February,  fetid, 

33  fifth,  fissure,  flannel,  flare,  flaunt,  florist,  fog,  for,  forage, 

34  forehead,    foreign,    forest,    forge,    forsaken,    fortnight, 

35  forward,  fought,  four,  frequent  (2),  frozen,  fruit,  funnel, 

36  gall,   gaol,   gap,  gape,   garden,   garrison,  gas,   gaseous^ 

37  gaudy,   gaunt,  general,  genuine,  geyser,  gibbet,  given^ 

38  gladden,  glutton,   gnawed,   God,  goddess,  golden,  gon- 

39  dola,  gooseberry,  gospel,  granary,  gratis,  gravel,  graven, 

40  grease  (2),  grimace,  grimy,  grisly,  gristly,  grovel,  hair, 

41  half,  halibut,  happen,  harden,  haughty,  haunch,  haunt, 

42  haven,  hazel,  heaths,  hearths,  heaven,  Helen,  hereditary, 

43  heroine,  hidden,  hog,  homage,  horizon,  horrid,  horror, 

44  hot,   hovel,  humble,   hurrah,  hyphen,   idea,*  idle,  idol, 

45  imitate,  immersion,  imperative,  impious,  Indian,  indict, 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  33 

46  indisputable,   industry,  influence,   inquiry,  interesting, 

47  inure,    invasion,    irritate,    isothermal,    Italic,    jaguar, 

48  jaundice,  jaunt,  jog,  juvenile,  kitchen,  kennel,  kernel, 

49  laden,  lair,  lamentable,  lapel,  laths,  Latin,  launch,  laun- 

50  dry,  laurel,  laws,  leaden,  learned  (2),  legislature,  leisure, 

51  length,   lengthen,    lenient,    leper,   lentil,    lesson,   level, 

52  libel,  licorice,  lief,  linden,  linen,  location,  lord,  lower  (2), 

53  lowered  (2),  lucid,  luxurious,  lyceum,  Mabel,  madden, 

54  magazine,  Magi,  mamma,  maintenance,  mansion,  mantel, 

55  marten,  marvel,  matin,  matron,  matronly,  masculine, 
6Q>  mason,  massacre,  massacred,  measure,  medicine,  men- 
57  suration,  mercantile,  metal,  mettle,  miracle,  miscellany, 
5^  mischief,  mischievous,  missile,  mission,  mitten,  model, 

59  moral,  morn,  morsel,  mortal,  moths,  mountain,  moun- 

60  tainous,    mourn,    mouths,    mucilage,    museum,    mussel, 

61  mutton,  myths,  nape,  national,  naught,  naughty,  ne'er, 

62  nestle,  neuralgia,  neuter,  new,  newspaper,  niche,  nickel, 

63  nomad,    none,    nook,    not,    novel,    nuisance,    numeral, 

64  oakum,  oasis,  oaths,  obedience,  obstacle,  of,  off,  offal, 
Q5  offer,  office,  often,  on,  once,  open,  opponent,  or,  oracle, 
QtQ  oral,     ore,     orange,     orang-outang,     origin,     ornament, 

67  orthoepy,  ought,  pair,  palm,  pancake,  panel,  pantomime, 

68  papa,  parasol,  parcel,  pardon,  paregoric,  parent,  parson, 

69  patent,   paths,    participle,   patriot,    patriotism,    patron, 

70  patronage,  permanent,  peril,  person,  personal,  philoso- 

71  phy,  piazza,  pistil,  plait,  plateau,  plover,  poem,  poison, 

72  police,    pollen,    polygon,    pommel,    poniard,-  porpoise 

73  portion,    portrait,    prairie,    prayer,    precise,    precisely, 

74  pretense,  pretty,  primary,  prison,  process,  produce  (2), 

75  progress   (2),  project  (2),  pronunciation,  proven,  pugh, 

76  pumpkin,  psalm,  psalmody,  put  (2),  question,  quinine, 

77  raisin,  rare,  ravel,  ravine,  real,  really,  reason,  rebel  (2),  re- 


34  DRILL-BOOK 

78  cess,  reckon,  refuse  (2),  reptile,  resin,  resource,  retail  (2)^ 

79  ridden,  ripen,  rise  (2),  risen,  robust,  rob,  romance,  roof, 

80  rook,    rot,    route,    routine,    rule,    sacrament,    sadden, 

81  sagacious,  salmon,  salve,  satin,  saunter,  season,  secre- 

82  tary,  senna,  scoff,  scold,  scourge,  scallop,  school-house, 

83  sedentary,   servile,  seven,  sewer  (2),  shaken,  sheaths, 

84  shekel,  shovel,  shrank,  shriek,  shrivel,  shroud,  shrub, 

85  shrug,  silken,  similar,  sirup,  skeleton,  slidden,  slobber, 

86  snivel,  society,  soft,  solemn,  solution,  soot,  sought,  sov- 

87  ereign,  spavin,  spermaceti,  spherical,  spinage,  spoken, 

88  spoon,    stare,  stolen,  stomacher,  strength,  strengthen, 

89  stricken,  striven,  student,  stupid,  subject  (2),  suggest, 

90  suit,  suite,  sudden,  sullen,  superior,  supple,  survey  (2), 

91  swarthy,    swear,    swivel,    swollen,    taken,    talc,    talk, 

92  tarpaulin,  taught,  tassel,  theater,  their,  theories,  thither, 

93  thought,  threshold,  tinsel,  tiny,  tobacco,  tomato,  took, 

94  torrid,    toward,   towel,   trance,   tranquil,   tranquillity, 

95  transaction,     transparent,    travel,     traverse,     treason, 

96  tripod,  trophy,  trough,  tune,  tyranny,  uncle,  undress  (2), 

97  unique,   Uranus,  usurp,  valise,   vary,  venison,  vessel, 

98  victuals,  vigil,  violent,  voyage,  waken,  wan,  want,  was, 

99  water,  war,  warm,  weapon,  wear,  weasel,  weevil,  were, 

100  what,  where,  widen,  with,  wont,  won't,  woman,  women, 

101  wooden,  woolen,  won,  wore,  worn,  worsted  (2),  woven, 

102  wrath,  wreaths,  wristband,   written,  wrong,  wrought, 

103  yacht,  yolk,  youths,  zebra. 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK,  35 


CHAPTER   V. 


PEINCIPLES   OF  PRONUNCIATIOlSr  — ((7on^m2ied). 

Principle  XI.  ^ 

I  accented  in  most  words  from  the  French  has 
the  sound  of  long^  e.    (§  102.)  / 

Examples:  pique,  machinej  caprice,  guillotine,  quaran-  \ 
tine,  mandarin,  routine,  suite,  fatigue,  police,  ravine,  valise, 
antique,  Bastile,  critique,  capuchin,  gabardine,  palanquin, 
tambourine,  charivari,  regime  (ra'zheem'),  cuisine  (kwe-i^ 
zeen'),  unique,  intrigue,  magazine. 

Principle  XII. 

O//.  in  most  words  from  the  French  has  the  value 
of  Ob,  hut   in   Ang-lo-Saxon   words  it  has  the  sound 

of  0W9  as  in  cow.     (§  129.) 

Examples  :  bouquet,  contour,  croup;  out,  bound,  sound. 

Note.  —  Ou  has  also  other  values,  as  m  souly  roughs  adjourn, 
wuld^  oughts  hough  (hok),  trough. 

Principle  XIII. 

X  followed  hy  an  accented  vowel,  or  hy  an 
accented  syllahle  heginning  with  a  silent  h^  has  the 
sound  of  gz.     (§  271.) 


36  DJRILL-BOOK 

Examples:  luxit'rious,  exam'ple,  exhaust \  exhih'it,  BxamHne, 
exaW,  exec'utive,  exotHc,  exist',  exag'gerate,  exon'erate,  exoi^'- 
hitant,  auxil'iary.     Exog'enous  and  uxo'rious  are  exceptions. 

Principle  XIV. 

The  termination  tion  is  always  shun,  except  when 
it  follows  the  letter  s  or  oo,  as  in  question  (Jcives^chuny, 
bastion,  admixtion,  combustion.     (§  106.) 

Pronounce  notation,  completion,  equation,  relation,  sugges- 
tion, transition  (tranz  ish'un). 

Principle  XV. 

.  The  termination  sion  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  vowel  is  zhun;  when  not  so  preceded,  it  is 
shun.     (§§  269,  260.) 

Pronounce  expulsion,  immersion,  mansion,  excursion,  diver- 
sion, explosion,  adhesion,  delusion,  exclusion,  conversion,  ex- 
pansion, conclusion,  cohesion,  invasion,  collision,  decision, 
division. 

Principle  XYI. 

C  is  soft  (s)  before  e,  i,  and  y^  and  hard  (Jc)  in 
other  positions.     (§  221.)  

Pronounce  ca,  ce,  ci,  co,  cu,  cy. 

Exceptions:  c  is  hard  (k)  in  sceptic  and  scirrhus;  and  in 
the  following  words  it  has  the  sound  of  z :  sacrifice  (f iz),  sice, 
suffice,  discern,  and  their  derivatives.  It  is  silent  in  czar, 
victuals,  indict,  and  their  derivatives,  and  also  in  the  termina- 
tion scle,  as  in  muscle,  corpuscle. 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK.  37 

PlUNCIPLE   XVII. 

G  is  generally  soft  (j)  before  e,  i,  and  y,  and 
always  hard  {g)   before  other  vowels.     (§  233.) 

Pronounce  ga,  ge,  gi,  go,  gu,  gy. 

Note.  — The  old  spelling  oi  jail  is  gaol^  so  that  in  this  word  and  its 
derivatives  g  is  soft  before  a.  The  exceptions  to  the  rule  that  g  is 
usually  soft  before  e,  i^  and  ?/  are  many ;  but  they  are  nearly  all  com- 
mon Anglo-Saxon  words,  such  as  get,  give^  gild^  girl,  girdle,  giddy^ 
foggy ^  gimlet,  geese,  gig,  giggle,  gift,  gills,  begin,  gimp,  beget,  gird, 
gear,  gizzard.  The  following  exceptions  are  not  so  common  :  gelding, 
gerrymander,  gibbon,  gibbous,  gibber,  gibberish,  gittith,  gimmal,  gim- 
bal,  gecko,,  conger,  geyser. 


Principle  XYIII. 


1 

In  an  accented  syllable  of  any  primitive  word, 
a  vowel  before  r  followed  by  a  syllable  beginning 
with    a    vowel    or    another    r    has    its   short   sound. 

(§§  49,  85,  114.) 

Examples  :  Arab,  arabesque,  arid,  Aristotle,  arrant,  arith- 
metical, apparel,  marigold,  carat,  clarify,  caravan,  harass, 
garrison,  Saracen,  larynx,  carol,  b6ryl,  p6ril,  delirious,  p6r- 
adventure,  generic,  peremptory,  celerity,  heroine,  diaeresis, 
imperative,  irritate,  miracle,  delirium,  abhorrence,  florid, 
coroner,  foreign,  corymb,  orange,  coral,  florin,  Florence, 
Doric,  forage,  forest,  orator,  origin,  orifice,  chorister,  turret, 
barrel,  burrow,  curry,  courage,  fiirrow,  pyrotechnic,  pyrrhic, 
empyreal. 

Exceptions :  parent,  apparent,  transparent,  alarum,  bury, 
chary,  quarrel,  quarry,  warrant,  warren,  borough,  worry. 


38  DRILLr-BOOK 


Principle  XTX. 

N  ending  an  accented  syllable  has  the  sound  of 
ngr,  if  immediately  followed  by  hard  g  or  Aj,  or  any 
equivalent  of  h  (c,  g,  or  x),    (§  245.) 

Examples  :  con'gress,  gan'greiie,  con 'cord,  tran'quil,  iin'cle, 
an'ger,  hun'ger,  mon'key,  san'guine,  sin'gle,  clan'gor,  extin- 
guish, blan'ket,  twin'kle,  con 'course,  Lin 'coin. 

Exceptions:  concrete , penguin,  mangrove,  Mongol, pancreas, 
syngrapli,  tangram,  and  some  others ;  also  words  beginning 
with  the  prefixes  in,  quinque,  non  and  un,  as  in  income,  non- 
content,  quinquevalve,  un' compound' ed. 

Note.  —  Observe  that  in  derivations  v^here  the  letter  n  is  no  longer 
under  accent,  the  sound  of  ng  gives  place  to  tliat  of  ?i,  as  tran'quil, 
tranquil 'lity ;  con'gress,  congres'sional;  con'cord,  concord'ance. 


Principle  XX. 

Cj  s,  or  t,  when  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  syllable  and  followed  by  e,  i,  or  u,  has 
usually  the  force  of  sh,  and  is  said  to  be  "aspi- 
rated,"  as    in    ocean,  nauseate,  Asiatic,  negotiation. 

(§§  106,  221,  269.) 

Principle  XXI. 

In  pronouncing  the  terminal  syllables,  ble,  cle, 
die,  fie,  gle.  Me,  pie,  stle^  tie,  and  zle,  no  vowel  sound 
is    heard.      Terminal    ere,    however,    is    pronounced 


m  DICTIONARY  WORK.  39 

her.     The  combination  of  any  of  these  terminations 
with  ing  forms  but  one  syllable. 

Pronounce  quibbling,  doubling,  circling,  meddling,  huddling, 
ruffling,  shuffling,  giggling,  struggling,  pickling,  trickling,  coup- 
ling, rippling,  battling,  whittling,  ivhistling,  jostling,  puzzling^ 
^nuzzling,  massacring. 


40  DRILL-BOOK 

CHAPTER  VI. 

WORDS  COMMONLY  MISPRONOUNCED 


TEST  LIST  NO.   2. 

Note  1.— The  figure  (2)  or  (3)  appended  to  a  word  in  this  list 
requires  the  pupil  to  give  that  number  of  pronunciations  of  the  word. 
Thus,  "consummate  (2) "  asks  the  pupil  to  pronounce  and  define  this 
word  as  an  adjective  and  as  a  verb.  In  the  former  use,  the  a  in  "ate " 
has  a  sound  intermediate  between  a  as  in  ale  and  e  as  in  end  ;  in  other 
words,  a  verges  towards  short  e.  In  the  latter,  or  verb  use  of  the 
word,  the  a  in  "  ate  "  has  its  long  sound. 

Note  2  —  The  teacher  should  see  that  his  pupils  know  not  only  the 
pronunciation  of  each  word,  but  also  its  meaning  —  its  proper  use  in 
a  phrase  or  sentence. 

Note  3.  — Very  many  of  the  words  illustrate  some  "Principle"  or 
caution  previously  given.  Let  the  pupil,  in  such  cases,  tell  what  he 
has  learned. 

1  Abatis,   abdomen,   ablegate,   absolve,  abstruse,  accli- 

2  mated,   acoustics,  acumen,  adagio,  admixture,  Adonis, 

3  adept,  adhesion,  admiralty,  adverse,  adversely,  aeriform, 

4  aeronaut,   alarum,   alias,   alibi,   allegro,   almoner,  alms, 

5  altercation,    alternate,     alternately,     althea,     amateur, 

6  amenable,  amenity,  amour,  analogous,  anchovy,  annihi- 

7  late,   apotheosis,   a  priori,   apropos,   aquatic,   aquiline, 

8  arbitrarily,    archangel,    archbishop,    aroma,    armistice, 

9  arsenic  (2),  artificer,  aspirant,  asthma,  audacious,  axil, 

10  balm,  balsamic,  Bastile,  bastion,  behemoth,  belles-lettres, 

11  beneficent,  bequeath,  bifurcated,  biology,  blazon,  blithe, 

12  bona  fide,  buoy,   Burgundy,  burlesque,  cabal,  caldron, 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK.  41 

13  camellia,    caprice,    capuchin,    carmine,    carotid,    cavil, 

14  celibacy,  ceramic,  chaldron,  chaperon,  chaotic,  charivari, 

15  chary,  chasten,  chastisement,  chateau,  chattel,  cherubim, 

16  chimera,  chlorine,  cinchona,  clandestine,  clangor,  clema- 

17  tis,  climatic,  chyle,  chyme,  coadjutor,  codicil,  cohesion, 

18  colander,  combatant,  commune,  commune,  communism, 

19  communist,    compeer,   complacent,    complaisance,   com- 

20  plex,   compound   (3),    concord,  concourse,   conger,   con- 

21  fidant,  conjure  (2),  construe,  consummate  (2),  contour, 

22  contumely,  convergent,  conversely,  corridor,  corpuscle, 

23  coterie,   covetous,    craunch,   craven,   criterion,  critique, 

24  cuisine,   culinary,   curator,  daunt,  debauchee,  debouch, 

25  debris,    debut,    decade,    decorous,    delusion,    defalcate, 

26  deficit,   demagogy,   demise,  demoniacal,  dernier,  desig- 

27  nate,   desist,   despicable,   desultory,    diastole,    didactic, 

28  diffuse  (2),  digest  (2),   diocesan,   divan,   diverse,  diver- 

29  sion,     douceur,    douche,    doughty,    dramatis    personce, 

30  drivel,   drought,    drouth,    dual,    dynamite,    dysentery, 

31  dyspepsia,    eau  de   Cologne,    eclat,    elegiac,    elegiacal, 

32  encore,  ecumenical,  enervate,  ennui,  epiphany,  epizootic, 

33  epizooty,  epoch,  equation,  erudition,  exaggerate,  exclu- 

34  sion,    executive,    exeunt,    exhale,    exegesis,    exonerate, 

35  exotic,  exorbitant,  exponent,  expose,  expose,  expulsion, 

36  exquisite,   extant,   extempore,  extol,  exuberant,  exude, 

37  eyry,  facade,  facet,  facial,  falchion,  fatality.  Fata  Mor- 

38  gana,  feline,  fete,  fetich,  fetid,  finale,  finance,  financial, 

39  finis,  florid,  florin,   fluent,  franchise,  fraternize,  fricas- 

40  see,  n.,  frontal,  frontispiece,  fugue,  fulsome,  gaberdine, 

41  Gallic,    gallant  (2),    gamut,     gangrene,     gaol,     garget, 

42  garrison,  garrulous,  gaseous,  gasometer,  gaunt,  gauntlet, 

43  gecko,   genius  (2),   gewgaw,   giaour,  gibber,   gibberish, 

44  gibbous,  giblets,  gimbals,  gist,  gladiolus,  gluten,  goal, 


42  DRILL-BOOK 

45  gout,  goUt,  grievous,  groat,  grovel,  guillotine  (2),  gyves, 

46  harass,    heinous,    hirsute,    homeopathy,    homogeneous, 

47  hostage,  hydropathy,  hymning,  houri,  hypocrisy,  ichthy- 

48  ology,  iconoclast,  idyl,  ignoramus,  imminent,  immobile, 

49  implacable,    inchoate,    incisive,    incisor,    incomparable, 

50  incursion,    indefatigable,     indisputable,     inexhaustible, 

51  inexorable,    inimical,    inimitable,    insidious,    institute, 

52  instinct  (2),   integral,   interlocutor,   intrigue,   intrusive, 

53  intuitive,  ironmonger,  irony  (2),  irreconcilable,  irrefra- 

54  gable,  irremediable,  irreparable,  irrevocable,  iridescent, 
5b  isochronal,  isolate,  isolation,  isothermal,  jauntily, 
6^  javeline,  joust,,  jugular,  justifiable,  kaleidoscope,  larynx, 
57  latent,  laud,  legate,  legislative,  lenient,  lichen,  lithe, 
5^  loath,  loathe,  loco-foco,  lucid,  lunacy,  machination,  mael- 

59  Strom,  Magna  Charta,  magnesia,  malcontent,  mall  (2), 

60  mandarin,  mandamus,  manege,  menage,  manes,  manes, 

61  menagerie,   manganese,   mangy,   mausoleum,   marigold, 

62  maritime,  martinet,  massacring,  matin,  mauve,  medica- 

63  tive,  medicinal,  mediocre,  memoir,  mesdames.  Messieurs, 

64  metallurgy,  metamorphosis,  metempsychosis,  minutioe, 
Q6  mirage,  misconstrue,  misprision,  mistletoe,  mobile, 
Qt^  mobilize,   moccasin,   model,   molecule,  monad,   Mongol, 

67  mongrel,  muscovy,  mustache,  myths,  mythology,  naiad, 

68  naive,  naively,  naivete,  nasal,  nauseous,  national,  native, 

69  natal,    naturalization,    necessarily,   negligee,   nepotism, 

70  neutral,   noisome,    nomad,    nomenclature,    nonchalance, 

71  nonpareil,    notoriety,    nuptial,     obligatory,     obsequies, 

72  obstacle,   obtrusive,    Odyssey,   omen,   onyx,  opportune, 

73  orchestra,  ordeal,  ordinarily,  organization,  orgies,  orifice, 

74  orison,    ornate,    orotund,   oxide,   ozone,   pall-mall,   pal- 

75  mated,   palmer,    pancreas,   panegyric,  papaw,  papyrus, 

76  pariah,  parietal,  Parisian,  parquet,  pedagogical,   peda- 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK.  43 

77  gogy,  parochial,   parotid,   parterre,    pathos,   peduncle, 

78  pentagon,  peony,  peradventure,  peremptorily,  perfidious, 

79  persistent,  personage,  personate,  persuasive,  petit,  phil- 

80  anthropy,  Philistine,  philology,  pique  (2),  pharmaceutic, 

81  plagiarism,  placard,  plebeian,  plenary,  poignant,  polo- 

82  naise    (2),    porcelain,   porcine,    physiognomy,    piazza, 

83  precedence,  precedent  (2),  precocious,  precocity,  predi- 

84  cate  (2),  prescience,  prescient,  presentiment,  present- 

85  ment,  preventive,  prima  donna,  prima  facie,  primeval, 

86  pristine,  privative,  probity,  profuse,  prolix,  prologue, 

87  prophecy,  prophesy,  propitiation,  protege,  psalm,  psal- 
^%  mody,   psalter,    pseudo.    Psyche,    pylorus,   pyramidal, 

89  pyrites,  python,   quadruple,    qualms,    quarantine    (2), 

90  quash,  querulous,  quota,  quotient,  raillery,  rapine,  rati- 

91  ocination,  rational,  rationale,  recitative,  reconnaissance, 

92  reconnoiter,  recreation  (2),  refutable,  regime,  raven  (2), 

93  recourse,  remediable,  rendezvous,  reprint  (2),  researches, 

94  resignation,  reservoir,  resource,  respirable,  resume,  re- 

95  sume,  reveille,  revel,  revelry,  reverie,  revocable,  robust, 

96  role,  rowen,  sabaoth,  sacrifice,  sacrilege,  sacrilegious, 

97  salam,   salic,   saline,  salon,  salutary,  salver,  Sapphic, 

98  sanguine,   Saracen,  sarcenet,  sardine  (2),  sarsaparilla, 

99  satire,  satirist,  Saturn,  satyr,  savant,  scald  (2),  scalene, 

100  scallop,  schism,  sciatica,  scrivener,  scrupulous,  seance, 

101  sedentary,  semester,  seneschal,  senile,  sepulture,  seraph, 

102  serpentine,    shrew,    shrine,     sice,     siesta,     silhouette, 

103  simony,    simoon,    simultaneous,    sinecure,    slough   (3), 

104  sobriety,  sobriquet,  soi-disant,  soiree,  sojourn,  soughing, 

105  souvenir,  specious,  spherule,  spoliation,  squalid,  squalor, 

106  strophe,  stupendous,  sublimate  (2),  sublunary,  subpoena, 

107  subtile,  subtle,  succumb,  suffice,  sumac,  supererogatory, 

108  supine   (2),    suppositious,    suture,     syncope,    synchro- 


44  DRILL-BOOK 

109  nous,  systole,  tabernacle,  tamboarine,  tapestry,  ta|)is, 

110  tenacious,  tenet,  Teutonic,  tete-a-tete,  theories,  three- 
Ill  penny,    tiara,    tirade,    tontine,    tortoise,   tournament, 

112  traduce,     trachea,     tragacanth,     transition,     tribune, 

113  trichina,  trilobite,  tripod,  troche,  trochee,  troth,  trow, 

114  troubadour,    trousseau,   truculent,   turgid,   tympanum, 

115  typhus,  tyrannic,  unique,  unison,  unnecessarily,  Uranus, 

116  usage,     usurp,    usurious,    uxorious,    vaccine,    vagary, 

117  variegated,   vehement,   venial,    veracious,   vicar,    vice, 

118  vignette,  vinculum,  virago,  virtu,  virulent,  vise,  vizier, 

119  warden,   wiseacre,   wady,   waft,   Wallachian,  wraiths, 

120  zoology.  Zouave* 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK. 


45 


REFERENCE  LIST. 


Note.  —  This  list  contains  all  the  words  found  in  Test  Lists  Nos.  1 
and  2.  It  is  intended  for  study  and  reference,  but  not  for  recitation. 
The  list  is  designed  to  present  only  the  broader  and  more  obvious 
features  of  pronunciation  ;  for  all  niceties  of  syllabication,  secondary 
accent  and  sound-values,  and  for  other  authorized  pronunciations,  the 
student  should  consult  the  dictionary.  The  authority  of  Webster's 
International  Dictionary  has  in  general  been  recognized.  The 
character  n  indicates  a  nasal  sound  as  heard  in  many  French  v^ords. 


Ab'atis(ab'a-tis;  Fr.a'ba'te') 
.abdo'men  (ab-do'mgn) 

A'bel  (a'bel) 

ab 'legate  (ab'Ie-gat) 

absolve'  (ab-solv') 

abstruse'  (ab-strus') 

accent 'ed  (ak-sent'Sd) 
-accli 'mated  (ak-kli'ma-t6d) 

acous'tics    (a-kous'tiks   or 
a-koos'-tiks) 

acu'men  (a-ku'm6n) 

ada'gio  (a-da'j6) 

adept'  (a-d6pt') 

adhe'sion  (ad-he 'zhun) 

ad'jective  (ad'j6k-tiv) 


ad'miralty  (ad'mi-ral-ty) 

admix 'ture  (ad-miks  'tur) 

Ado'nis  (a-do'nis) 

ad 'verse  (ad 'vers) 
^ad'versely  (ad'vers-ly) 
/  ad'vertise'  (ad'ver-tiz'  or  ad' 
vgr-tiz') 

ae'rial  (a-e'ri-al) 

a'eriform  (a'gr-1-form) 

a  'er oiiaut  (a  'er-6-nat) 

again'  (a-g6n') 

a'ged  (a.)  (a'jM) 

aged  (v.)  (ajd) 

alar'um  (a-lar'um) 

alas'  (a-las') 


46 


DRILL-BOOK 


a 'lias  (a'l!-as) 

al'ibi  (al'i-bl) 

alTtali  (allia-lTor-li) 

alle'gro    (al-le'gro;    It.    al- 
ia'gro) 

Al'len  (al'lgn) 

allies'  (al-llz') 

ally'  (al-ll')* 

alm'ond  (a'mtind) 

al'moner  (al'mun-er) 

alms  (amz) 

al  'terca 'tion  (al  'ter-ka  'shun) 

al'ternate  (v.)  (al'-ter-nat  or 
al-ter'nat) 

alter 'nate  (a.)  (al-ter'nat) 

alter 'nately  (al-ter'nat-ly) 

althe'a  (al-the'a) 

am'ateur'  (am'a-ter'  or  am'a- 
tur') 

am'buscade'  (am'bus-kad') 

ame'nable  (a-me'na-b'l) 

amen'ity  (a-m6n'i-ty) 

Amer'ican  (a-m6r'i-kan) 

amour'  (amoor') 

analogous  (a-nal'6-gus) 

ancho'vy  (an-cho'vy) 

anni'hilate  (an-nl'hi-lat) 

ant  (ant) 

aor'ta  (a-6r'ta) 

ap'othe'osis  (ap'o-the'o-sis) 

Ap'pala'cliian  (ap 'pa-la '- 
chl-an) 


ap'para'tus  (ap'pa-ra'tus) 
appar'el  (ap-par'6l) 
appalr'ent  (ap-par'ent) 
appren'tice  (ap-pr6n'tis) 
a'pricot  (a'pri-kot) 
a'prio^'i  (a'pri-6'ri) 
ap'ropos'  (ap'ro-po') 
.  aquat'ic  (a-kwatlk) 
aq'uiline  (ak'wi-lin  or  -lln) 
arch  'an  'gel  (ark  'an  'j  61) 
arch'bish'op  (arch'bish'up) 
ar'chipel 'ago  (ar'ki-pel'a-go) 
ar'chitect  (ar'ki-t6kt) 
arc 'tic  (ark'tik) 
are  (ar) 
a'rea  (a're-a) 
aris'en  (a-riz"n) 
ar'mistice  (ar'mis-tis) 
aro'ma  (a-ro'ma) 
ar'senic  {n.)  ar'se-nik) 
arsen'ic  (a.)  (ar-s6n'ik) 
artificer  (ar-t!f'i-ser) 
A 'si a  (a'shi-a) 
A'siat'ic  (a'shi-atlk) 
aspir'ant  (as-pir'ant) 
asso'ciate  {n.)  (as-so'shi-at) 
asso'ciate  (y.)  (as-so'shi-at) 
asth'ma  (as 'ma,  az'ma,  or 

ast'ma) 
auda'cious  (a-da'shus) 
auxiliary  (agz-il 'ya-ry) 
awak'en  (a-wak'^n) 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK. 


47 


ax'il  (aksll) 
aye  (a!)  =  yes 
aye  (a)  =  forever 
az'ure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur) 

Ba'con  (ba'k'n) 

bade  (bad) 

balm  (bam) 

balm  or 'al  (bS,l-mor'al) 

balsam 'ic(bal-sam'ik  or  bal-) 

Bas'tile  (bas-tel'  or  bas'tel) 

bas'tion  (bas'chim) 

be'hemoth  (be 'lie-moth) 

belles-let'tres  (b6l-l6t'ter) 

bel'lows  (bel'lus) 

beneficent  (be-n6f 'I-sent) 

ben'ison  (b6n'i-z'n) 

ben'zine  (bgn'zin  or  bgn-zen') 

bequeath'  (be-kweth') 

bes'tial  (bSs'chal) 

be'tel  (be't'l) 

bev'el  (b6v'6l) 

bi 'cycle  (bi'si-k'l) 

bid 'den  (bid'd'n) 

bifur'cated  (bi-fur'ka-t6d) 

biol'ogy  (bi-ol'6-jy) 

bit 'ten  (bit't'n) 

bla'zon  (bla'z'n) 

blithe  (bllth) 

blouse  (blouz) 

bob  (bob) 

bomb  (bom  or  bum) 


bo'na  fi'de  (bo'na  fi'de) 
born  (born) 
Bos 'ton  (bos 'tun) 
botch  (boch) 
bought  (bat) 
bouquet'  (boo-ka') 
bourn  (born  or  boorn) 
brava'do  (bra-va'do) 
bra'vo  (n.)  (bra'vo) 
bra'vo  {inter j.)  (bra'vo) 
bra'zen  (bra'z'n) 
bro'ken  (bro'k'n) 
bronchi  'tis  (bron-ki  'tis) 
brooch  (broch) 
bulk  (bulk) 
buoy  (bwoi  or  boi) 
bur 'den  (bur'd'n) 
Bur  'gun  dy  (bur  'giln-dy) 
burlesque'  (bur-l6sk') 
bush 'el  (bush '61) 
but 'ton  (but't'n) 

Cabal'  (ka-bal') 

cal'dron  (kal'drun) 

calm  (kam) 

cam  (kam) 

camel 'lia  (ka-m6l'li-a  or  ka- 

mel'ya) 
cam 'let  (kam'l6t) 
can 'eel  (kan's6l) 
canine'  (ka-iiin') 
can 'on  (kan'nun) 


48 


DRILL-BOOK 


canon' (ka-ny on';   anglicized 

kan'yun) 
caprice'  (ka-pres') 
cap 'tain  (kap'tin) 
cap'uchin'  (kap'u-shen') 
car 'at  (kar'at) 
car 'bine  (kar'bin) 
car 'mine  (kar'min) 
carot'id  (ka-rotid) 
cas'simere  (kas'si-mer) 
cas'tanet  (kas'ta-n6t) 
catal'pa  (ka-tal'pa) 
caught  (kat) 
cause  (kaz) 
cav'il  (kav'il) 
cawed  (kad) 

cayenne'  (ka-6n'  or  ki-6n') 
celib'acy  (se-lib'a-sy  or  s6l'i- 

ba-sy) 
ceram'ic  (se-ram'Ik) 
chal'dron  (chal'drun  or  chal'- 

drun) 
chan'nel  (cban'ngl) 
chaot'ic  (ka-6t'ik) 
chap 'el  (chap '61) 
chap'eron  (shap'er-on) 
char i  'vari  f  (sha-re ' va-re ') 
char'y  (char'y  or  cha'ry) 
chas'ten  (cha's'n) 
chas'tisement  (chas'tiz-ment) 
cha'teau'  (sha'to') 
chat'tel  (chat't'l) 


cher'ubim  (ch6r'u-btm) 
chick 'en  (chik'gn) 
chid'den  (chid'd'n) 
chime 'ra  (ki-me'ra) 
Chinese'  (Chi-nez'  or  -nes') 
chlo'rine  (klo'rin  or  ren) 
cho'sen  (cho'z'n) 
chyle  (kil) 
chyme  (kim) 
cincho'na  (sin-ko'na) 
cit'adel  (sit'a-del) 
civ'il  (siv'il) 

clandes'tine  (klan-d6s'tln) 
clan'gor  (klan'ger) 
climat'ic  (kli-mat'ik) 
clothes  (klothz  or  kloz) 
cloths  (klothz) 
co'adju^tor  (ko'ad-ju'tgr) 
cobweb'  (k6b%6b') 
cod'icil  (kod'i-sil) 
coffin  (kof 'f!n) 
cohe'sion  (ko-he'zhun) 
col'ander  (kul'an-der) 
colli 'sion  (kol-lizh'un) 
col'umn  (kol'tim) 
com'batant  (kom 'bat-ant) 
commune'  {y.)  (kom-mun') 
com'mune  (n.)  (kom'mtin) 
com'munism  (kom'mu-niz'm) 
com'munist  (kom'mu-nist) 
compeer'  (kom-per') 
compla'cent  (kom-pla'sent) 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK. 


49 


com  'plaisance '  (kom  'pla- 

zans') 
com'plex  (kom'plgks) 
com 'pound  (^i.)  (kom 'pound) 
com 'pound  (a.)  (kom 'pound) 
compound'  {y.)  (kom-pound') 
com'rade  (kom'r^d  or  -rad) 
conch  (konk) 

conclu'sion  (kon-klu'zhun) 
con 'cord  (kon'kord) 
con 'course  (kon'kors) 
con'crete  (kon'kret  or  kon'- 

kret) 
con'duit  (kon'dit  or  kun'dit) 
con'fidant^  (kon'fi-dantO 
con'ger  (kon'ger) 
con'gress  (kon'grgs) 
conjure'  (to  entreat)  (kon-jur') 
con 'jure  (to  enchant)  (kun'- 

con'scien'tious  (kon'shi-6n'- 

shus) 
con'stitu^tion  (kon'sti-tu'- 

shun) 
con'strue  (kon'stru) 
con'summate   (y.)    (kon'stim- 

mat  or  kon-sum'mat) 
consum'mate  (a.)  (kon-stim'- 

mat) 
contour'  (kon-toor') 
con'trarily    (kon'tra-ri-ly    or 

k5n'tra-^ 


con '  tr  ary  (k  on '  tr  a-ry  or-t  r  a- 

con'tumely  (kon'tu-me-ly) 
con'versant    (a.)   (kon'ver- 

sant) 
con'versely  (kon'vgrs-ly  o) 

kon-vers'ly) 
coquet'  iy.)  (ko-kgf) 
coquet 'ry  (k6-k6t'ry) 
coquette'  (n.)  (ko-kgf) 
cor'al  (kor'al) 
cord  (kord) 
cored  (kord) 
cor'puscle  (kor'pus-s'l) 
cor 'ri dor  (kor'ri-dor  or  -dor) 
corse  (kors  or  kors) 
co'terie'  (ko'te-re') 
cot 'ton  (kot't'n) 
cou'rier  (koo'ri-Sr) 
course  (kors) 
cour'tesy  (politeness)    (kur- 

te-sy) 
courte'sy  (a  bow)  (kurt'sy) 
cov'etous  (kuv'6t-us) 
cov'ey  (kuv'y) 
cow  'ardice  (kou  'grd-is) 
craunch  (kranch) 
cra'ven  (kra'v'n) 
creek  (krek) 
crim'son  (krim'z'n) 
crite  ^rion  (kri-te  'ri-un) 
critique'  (kri-tek') 


50 


DRILL-BOOK 


crochet'  (kro-sha') 
croquet'  (kro-ka') 
croquette'  (kro-kgf) 
cui'sine'  (kwe'zen') 
cu'linary  (kti'li-na-ry) 
cu'pola  (kti'po-la) 
cura'tor  (ku-ra'tgr) 
czar  (zar) 

Dam'ning  (damTng  or  dam'- 

ning) 
dam 'son  (dam'z'n) 
Dan'ish  (dan'isli) 
dare  (dar) 
da'ta  (da'ta) 
daub  (dab) 
daugh'ter  (da'ter) 
daunt  (dant) 
dea'con  (de'k'n) 
deaf  (def  or  def) 
deaths  (d6ths) 
debauch'  (de-bach') 
deb'auchee'   (d6b'6-she'   or 

da'bo'sha') 
de'bris'  (da'bre') 
de'but'  (da'buO 
dec'ade  (dgk'ad) 
deci'sion  (de-sizh'un) 
deco'rous  (de-ko'rus  or  d6k'6- 

rus) 
defalcate  (de-fal'kat) 
deficit  (d6f 'i-sit) 


delu'sion  (de-lu'zhun) 

dem  'agog  'y  (d6m  'a-goj  'y) 

demise'  (de-miz') 

dem  'oni  'acal  (d6m '6-ni 'a-kal) 

de'pot  (de'po) 

der'nier'  (dar'nya'o?'der'- 

ni-er) 
desert'  {v.)  (de-zerf) 
des'ert  {n.)  (dez'ert) 
desert'  (n.)  (de-zerf) 
des'ignate  (d6s'ig-nat) 
desist'  (de-zisf  or  de-sisf) 
des'picable  (d6s'pi-ka-b'l) 
dessert'  (dgz-zerf) 
des'ultory  (d6s 'ul-to-ry) 
dev'il  (d6v"l) 
dias'tole  (di-as 'to-le) 
dic'tionary  (dik'shun-a-ry) 
didac'tic  (di-dak'tik) 
diffuse'  (v.)  (dif-fuz') 
diffuse'  (a.)  (dif-fus') 
digest'  (v.)  (di-j6sf) 
di'gest  {n.)  (di'jgst) 
dioc'esan  (di-os'e-san  or  di'6- 

se'san) 
disarm'  (dis-arm'  or  diz-) 
disas'ter  (diz-as'ter) 
discern'  (diz-zern') 
disdain'  (dis-dan'  or  diz-) 
disease'  (diz-ez') 
dishon'est  (dis-6n'6st  or  diz-) 
dishon'or  (dis-on'gr  or  diz-) 


/i\r  DICTION  J  ^r  WOBK, 


51 


dis'mal  (dlz'mal) 

disown'  (dis-on'  or  diz-on') 

dissolve'  (diz-zolv') 

divan'  (di-v^n') 

di 'verse  (a.)  (di'vers  or  di- 
vers') 

diverse'  (adv.)  (di-vers'  or 
di'vers) 

diver 'sion  (di-ver'shun) 

divide'  (di-vid') 

divis'ion  (di-vizh'un) 

doc'ile  (dos'il  or  do'sil) 

dog  (dog) 

dollar  (dol'ler) 

doth  (duth) 

dou'ceur^  (doo'-ser') 

douche  (doosh) 

dough 'ty  (dou'ty) 

dram'atis  perso'nae  (dram'a- 
tis  per-so'ne) 

driv'el  (drivel) 

driv'en  (driven) 

drought  (drout) 

drouth  (drouth) 

du'al  (dti'al) 

du'el  (du'6l) 

du'ty  (dti'ty) 

dy'namite  (di'na-mit  or 
dm'-a-) 

dys'entery  (dls'6n-t6r-y) 

dyspep'sia  (dis-p6p'si-a  or 
dis-p6p'sha) 


Easel  (e'z'l) 
eaten  (et"n) 
eau'  de  Cologne'  (o'  de  ko- 

Ion') 
eclat' (e-kla';  Fr.  a'kla^ 
ec'umen^ical  (6k'u-m6n^-kal) 
e'er  (ar  or  ar) 
ele'giac  (e-le'ji-ak  or  61 'e- 

]V&) 
el'egi'acal  (6l'e-ji'a-kal) 
elev'en  (e-l6v"n) 
Ellen  (gngn) 
em'inent  (gml-nent) 
en'core' (a^'kor^) 
ener'vate  ($-ner'vat  or  Sn'er- 

vat) 
en'gine  (gn'jin) 
en'nui^  (a^'nwe') 
epiph'any  (e-pif'a-ny) 
ep'izoot^ic  (6p'-i-z6-6t^k) 
ep'izo'oty  (gpl-zo^o-ty) 
ep'och  (gp'ok  or  e'pok) 
equa'tion  (e-kwa'shun) 
ere  (ar  or  ar) 
er'mine  (er'mm) 
err  (er) 

er'ring  (er'rmg  or  6r-) 
er'ror  (gr'rer) 
er'udi'tion  (6r'u-dish'un) 
et^iquette'  (gtl-kef) 
e'ven  (e'v'n) 
e'vil  (e'v'l) 


52 


DRILL-BOOK 


exag'gerate  (6gz-aj 'er-at) 
exalt'  (6gz-alt') 
exam'ine  (ggz-amln) 
exclu'sion  (6ks-klu'zhun) 
excur'sion  (eks-kur'shtin) 
exec  'uti ve  (6gz-6k  'u-ti v) 
exege'sis  (6ks'e-je'sis) 
ex'eunt  (6ks'e-unt) 
exhale'  (6ks-lial'  or  6gz-al') 
exhaust'  (6gz-ast') 
exhib'it  (ggz-iblt   or  eks- 

hib'it) 
ex'ile  (gks'il) 
exist'  (ggz-isf) 
exon'erate  (6gz-on'gr-at) 
exor'bitant  (6gz-6r'b!-tant) 
exot'ic  (6gz-ot'ik) 
explo'sion  (gks-plo'zhun) 
expo'nent  (gks-po'nent) 
expose'  (6ks-poz') 
ex'po'se'  (Sks'po'za') 
expul'sion  (6ks-pul'shun) 
ex'quisite  (6ks'kwi-zit) 
ex 't ant  (gks'tant) 
extern 'pore  (6ks-t6m'p6-re) 
extol'  (gks-tol') 
ex'tra  (gks'tra) 
extraor'dinary  (6ks-tr6r'-di- 

na-ry  or  6ks'tra-or^-) 
exu'berant  (6ks-u'ber-ant) 
exude'  (eks-ud'  or  egz-ud') 
ey'ry  (a'ry  or  e'ry) 


Fa'Qade'  (fa'sad'  or  fa-sad') 

fac'et  (fas'gt) 

fa'cial  (fa'shal) 

fair  (far) 

fal'chion  (fal'chun) 

fal'con  (fa'k'n) 

fall'en  (fal'^n) 

fatal 'ity  (fa-tall-ty) 

Fa'ta  Morga'na   (fa'ta  mor- 

ga'na) 
fatigue'  (fa-teg') 
fau'cet  (fa's6t) 
fa'vorite  (fa'ver-lt) 
fawned  (fand) 
Feb'ruary  (f6b'ru-a-ry) 
fe'line  (fe'lin) 
fete  (fat) 
fetich  (fe'tish) 
fet'id  (fet'id  or  fe'tid) 
fifth  (fifth) 
fina'le  (fe-na'la) 
finance'  (fi-n^ns') 
fin  an  'cial  (f  i-nSn  'shal) 
fi'nis  (fi'nis) 
flan'nel  (flan'ngl) 
flare  (flar) 

flaunt  (flant  or  flant) 
flor'id  (flor'id) 
flor'in  (florin) 
flo'rist  (flo'rist  or  flor'ist) 
flu'ent  (flu'ent) 
fog  (fog) 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK, 


53 


for  (for) 

for 'age  (for'aj) 

fore 'head  (for'ed) 

for'eign  (for 'in) 

for 'est  (for^gst) 

forge  (forj) 

forsak'en  (for-sak"n) 

fort'night'  (fort'nit') 

for 'ward  (for'werd) 

fought  (fat) 

four  (for) 

fran'chise  (fran'chiz  or -chiz) 

fra'ternize  (fra'ter-niz  or 

frat'er-) 
fre'quent  (a.)  (fre'kwent) 
frequent'  (y.)  (fre-kwent') 
fric'assee'  (n.  and  v.)  (frik-' 

as-se') 
fron'tal  (fron'tal) 
fron'tispiece  (fron'tis-pes) 
fro'zen  (fro'z'n) 
fruit  (frut) 
fugue  (fug) 
ful'some  (ful'sum) 
fun 'n  el  (fun 'n  61) 

Gab'erdine'  (gab'er-den') 
gall  (gal) 

gal '1  ant  (a.)  (gal '1  ant) 
gallant'  (n.)  (gal-lanf) 
gal 'lie  (gal 'Ilk) 
gam'ut  (gam  Tit) 


gan'grene  (gan'gren) 

gaol  (jal) 

gap  (gap) 

gape  (gap  or  gap) 

gar 'den  (gar'd'n) 

gar 'get  (gar 'get) 

gar'rison  (gar'ri-s'n) 

gar'rulous  (gar'ru-lus) 

gas  (gas) 

gas'eous  (gas'e-us  or  gaz'-) 

gasom'eter   (gas-om 'e-ter  or 

gaz-) 
gaud'y  (gad'y) 
gaunt  (gant) 
gaunt 'let  (gant'l6t) 
geck'o  (ggk'o) 
gen'eral  (j6n'er-al) 
gen'ius  (jen'yus) 
ge'nius  (je'ni-us) 
gen'uine  (j6n'u-ln) 
gew'gaw  (gti'ga) 
gey 'ser  (gi'ser  or  gi'zer) 
giaour  (jour) 
gib'ber  (gib'ber) 
gib'berish  (gib'ber-ish) 
gib 'bet  (jib 'bet) 
gibbous  (gib 'bus) 
gib 'lets  (jib 'lets) 
gim'bals  (gim'balz) 
gist  (jist) 
giv'en  (g!v"n) 
glad'den  (glad'd'n) 


54 


DRILL-BOOK 


gladi'olus  (gla-dl'6-lus) 
glu'ten  (glu'tgn) 
glut 'ton  (glut't'n) 
gnawed  (nad) 
God  (god)'" 
god'dess  (god'dgs) 
gold 'en  (golden) 
gon'dola  (gon 'do-la) 
goose 'berry  (gooz'b6r-ry  or 

goos'-) 
gos'pel  (gos'pgl) 
gout  (gout) 
gout  (goo) 
gran'ary  (gran'a-ry) 
gra'tis  (gra'tis) 
grav'el  (grav'61) 
gra'ven  (graven) 
grease  (n.)  (gres) 
grease  {v.)  (grez  or  gres) 
griev'ous  (grev'us)   . 
grimace'  (gri-mas') 
gri'my  (grim'y) 
gris'ly  (griz'ly) 
gris'tly  (gris'ly) 
groat  (grat  or  grot) 
grov'el  (grov'^1) 
guil'lotine'  (n.)  (gil'lo-ten') 
guil'lotine'  (y.)  gil'16-ten') 
gyves  (jivz) 

Hair  (har) 
half  (haf) 


hal'ibut  (holl-but) 
hap 'pen  (hap'p'n) 
har 'ass  (har 'as) 
hard 'en  (harden) 
ha 'rem  (ha 'rem) 
haugh'ty  (ha'ty) 
haunch  (hanch) 
haunt  (hant) 
ha'zel  (ha'z'l) 
hearths  (harths) 
heaths  (heths) 
heav'en  (h6v"n) 
hei'nous  (ha'nus) 
Hel'en  (h6l'6n) 
hered'itary  (he-r6d'i-ta-ry) 
her'oine  (h6r'6-in) 
hid'den  (hid'd'n) 
hirsute'  (her-stit') 
hog  (hog) 
hom'age  (hom'aj) 
homeop'athy    (ho-me-6p'a- 

thy) 
ho'moge'neous  (ho'mo-je'ne- 

us) 
hori'zon  (ho-ri'zun) 
hor'rid  (hor'rid) 
hor'ror  (hor'rer) 
hos'tage  (hos'taj) 
hot  (hot) 
hou'ri  (hou'ri) 
hov'el  (hov'el) 
hum'ble  (hum'b'l) 


IJSr  DICTIONARY  WORK, 


55 


hurrah'  (hur-ra') 
hydrop'athy   (hy-drop'a-thy) 
hym'ning  (him'mg  or  him- 

nmg) 
hy'phen  (hi'fgn) 
hypoc'risy  (hi-p6k'ri-sy) 

Ich'thyoPogy  (Ik'thi-oPo-jy) 
icon  'oolast  (i-kon  '6-klast) 
ide'a  (i-de'a) 
i'dol  (I'dol) 
i'dyl  (I'dil) 

ignora'mus  (Ig-no-ra'mtis) 
im'itate  (im'i-tat) 
immer'sion  (im-mer'shun) 
im'miiient  (im'mi-nent) 
immo'bile  (im-mo'bil) 
imper'ative  (im-per'a-tiv) 
im 'pious  (im'pi-us) 
impla  cable  (im-pla'ka-b'l) 
in'choate    (in'ko-at) 
inci'sive  (m-sl'siv) 
inci'sor  (m-si'zer) 
incom  'parable   (in-kom  'pa- 
,      ra-b'l) 

incur 'sion,  (m-kur'shtin) 
in'defaVigable  ( in 'de-fat  l-ga- 

b'l) 
In'dian  (in'di-an  or  ind'yan) 
indict'  (in-dif) 
indis  'putable  (in-dis  'pu-ta-b'l) 
in'dustry  (in'dus-try) 


in 'exhaust 'ible  (in'6gz-ast1- 
b'l) 

inex  'orable  (in-6ks  '6r-a-b'l) 

in'fiuence  (in 'flu-ens) 

inim'ical  (in-!m'I-kal) 

inim'itable  (in-im'i-ta-b'l) 

inqui'ry  (in-kwir'y) 

insid'ious  (In-sld'I-tis) 

in'stinct  (n.)  (in'stlnkt) 

instinct'  (a.)  (m-stinkf) 

in'stitute  (in'sti-ttit) 

in'tegral  (in'te-gral) 

in 'teresting  (in  'ter-6st-ing) 

in'terloc^utor  (in'ter-lok /li- 
ter) 

intrigue'  (In-treg') 

intru'sive  (In-tru'siv) 

intu'itive  (in-tu'i-tiv) 

inure'  (In-tir') 

inva'sion  (in-va'zhun) 

ir'ides'cent  (ir'i-d6s'sent) 

i  'ronmon  'ger  (i  ^urn-mun  'ger) 

i'rony  {n,)  (I'run-y) 

i'rony  (a.)  (I'tirn-y) 

irrec'onci'lable  (ir-r6k'on-si'- 
la-b'l) 

irrefragable  (lr-r6f'ra-ga-b'l) 

ir'reme'diable  (Ir're-me'di- 
a-b'l) 

irrep 'arable  (ir-r6p'a-ra-b'l) 

irrev'ocable  (ir-r6v'6-ka-b'l) 

ir'ritate  (Ir'rI-tat) 


56 


DRILL-BOOK 


isoch'ronal  (i-sok'ro-nal) 
is'olate  (I'so-lat  or  is'6-lat) 
i'sola'tion  (I'so-la'shun  or  is'6-) 
i'sotlier'mal  (I'so-ther'mal) 
Ital'ic  (i-tal'ik) 

Jaguar  (ja-gwar'  or  jag'war) 
jaun'dice  (jan'dis) 
jaunt  (jant) 
jauntily  (jan'ti-ly) 
jave'lin  (jav'lin) 
joust  (just) 

joy  (joi) 

ju'gular  (ju'gu-ler) 

jus 'tifi 'able  (jus'ti-fl'a-b'l) 

ju'venile  (ju've-nll) 

Kalei'doscope  (ka-li'do-skop) 
ken'nel  (k6n'n6l) 
ker'nel  (ker'ngl) 
kitch'en  (kich'gn) 

Lad'en  (lad'^n) 

lair  (lar) 

iam'entable  (lam'6n-ta-b'l) 

lapel'  (la-p6l') 

lar'ynx  (lar'inks) 

la'tent  (la'tent) 

laths  (lathz) 

Lat'in  (lat'in) 

laud  (lad) 

launch  (lanch) 


laun'dry  (lan'dry) 

lau'rel  (la'rgl) 

laws  (laz) 

lead'en  (l6d"n) 

learned  (v.)  (lernd) 

learn'ed  (a.)  (lern'gd) 

leg'ate  (l6g'at) 

leg'islative  (l6j 'is-la-ti v) 

leg'isla'ture  (l6j 'is-la'tur) 

lei 'sure  (le'zhur) 

length  (length) 

length'en  (Igngth'^n) 

le'nient  (le'ni-ent  or  len'yent) 

len'til  (Ign'til) 

lep'er  (Igp'er) 

les'son  (Igs's'n) 

lev 'el  (I6v'6l) 

li'bel  (ll'bel) 

li'chen  (li'kgn) 

lic'orice  (lik'6-r!s) 

lief  (lef) 

lind'en  (lln'den) 

lin'en  (lln'6n) 

lithe  (lith) 

loath  (loth) 

loathe  (loth) 

lo'co-fo'co  (lo'ko-fo'ko) 

lord  (lord) 

low'er,  to  lower  (lo'gr) 

low'er,  to  darken  (lou'gr) 

low'ered  (lo'erd) 

low'ered  (lou'Srd) 


m  DICTIONARY   WORK. 


57 


lu'cid  (Iti'sid) 
lu'nacy  (lu'na-sy) 
luxu'rious    (lugz-u'rl-us   or 

luks-) 
lyce'um  (li-se'iiin) 

Ma'bel  (ma'b6l) 

mach 'inaction  (mak'i-na'- 

shtin) 
mad'den  (mad'd'n) 
mael'strom  (mal 'strum) 
mag'azine'  (mag'a-zen') 
ma'gi  (nia'jl) 
Mag'na   Char'ta    (mag'na 

kar'ta) 
magne'sia  (mag-ne'zhi-a  or 

-shi-a) 
main'tenance  (man'te-nans) 
mal 'content'  (mal'kon-tgnt') 
mall,  a  public  walk  (mall) 
mall,  a  maul  (mal) 
mamma'  (ma-ma'  or  ma'ma) 
manda'mus  (mSn-da'mus) 
man'darin'  (man'da-ren') 
manege'  (ma-nazh') 
manes  (manz) 
ma'nes  (ma'nez) 
man'ganese'  (man'ga-nes') 
man'gy  (man'jy) 
man'sion  (man'shun) 
man'tel  (man't'l) 
mar'igold  (mar'i-gold) 


mar'itime  (mar'i-tim) 
mar 'ten  (mar'tgn) 
mar'tinet'  (mar'ti-n6t') 
mar'vel  (mar'vgl) 
mas'culine  (mas'ku-lln) 
ma'son  (ma's'n) 
mas'sacre  (mas'sa-ker) 
mas 'sacred  (-kerd) 
mas'sacring  (-krlng) 
mat 'in  (mat 'in) 
ma'tron  (ma'trun) 
ma'tronly  (ma'trun-ly) 
mau'sole'um  (ma'so-le^um) 
mauve  (mov) 
meas'ure  (mgzh'ur) 
med'icative  (m6d'i-ka-tiv) 
medic'inal  (me-dis'i-nal) 
med'icine  (m6d'i-sin) 
me^dio'cre  (mg'di-o'ker) 
me'dioc  'rity  (me'di-ok  'ri-ty) 
mem'oir  (mgm'wor  or  mem'-) 
men'sura'tion    (m6n'shu-ra'- 

shun) 
mer'cantile  (mer'kan-til) 
mes'dames'  (Fr.  ma'dam';  E. 

mSz'damz) 
mes'sieurs    (mgsh'yerz ;     Fr. 

ma'syg^) 
met'al  (mgt'al  or  m6t"l) 
met'allur  'gic  (mgt'al-lur 'j!k) 
met'amor^phosis  (m6t'a-m6r'- 

fo-sls) 


58 


DRILL-BOOK 


metemp'sycho'sis  (me-t6mp'- 

si-ko  's!s) 
mettle  (met't'l) 
minu'tiae  (mi-nu'slii-e) 
mir'acle  (mir'a-k'l) 
mi 'rage'  (me'razh') 
mis'cellany  (mis'sel-la-ny)     • 
mis'chief  (mis'chif) 
mis'chievous  (mis'cbe-vus) 
miscon'strue  (mis-kon'stru) 
mispris'ion  (mis-prizh'un) 
mis'sile  (mis'sll) 
mis'sion  (misli'dn) 
mis'tletoe  (miz"l-to) 
mit'ten  (mit'tgn) 
mo'bile  (mo'bil) 
mob'ilize  (mob'I-liz) 
moc'casin  (mok'ka-sm) 
mod'el  (mod'gl) 
mol'ecule  (mol'e-kul) 
mon'ad  (mon'ad) 
Mon'gol  (mon'gol) 
mon'grel  (mun'grgl) 
mor'al  (mor'al) 
morn  (morn) 
mor'sel  (m6r's6l) 
mor'tal  (mor'tal) 
moths  (mothz) 
moiin'tain  (moun'tin) 
moun'tainous  (moun'tm-us) 
mourn  (morn) 
mouths  (mouthz) 


mu'cilage  (mu'si-laj) 
mus'covy  (mus'ko-vy) 
muse'um  (mu-ze'um) 
mus'sel  (musVl) 
mustache'  (mus-tash') 
mut'ton  (mut't'n) 
myths  (miths) 
mythol'ogy  (mi-thol'o-jy) 

Na'iad  (na'y^d) 
na'ive'  (na'ev') 
native 'ly  (na'ev'ly) 
na'ive'te'  (na'^v'ta') 
nape  (nap) 
na'sal  (na'zal) 
na'tal  (na'tal) 
na'tion  (na'shun) 
na'tional  (nash'un-al) 
na'tive  (na'tiv) 
nat'uraliza'tion    (nat'u-ral-i- 

za'shun) 
naught  (nat) 
naugh'ty  (na'ty) 
nau'seous  (na'shus) 
nec'essarily  (n6s'6s-sa-ri-ly) 
ne'er  (nar  or  nar) 
negligee'   (ngg'li-zha'j     Fr. 

na'gle'zha') 
nep'otism  (ngp'o-tiz'm) 
nes'tle  (n6s"l) 
neural 'gia  (nu-ral'ji-a) 
neu'ter  (nu'ter) 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK. 


59 


neu'tral  (nu'tral) 

new  (nti) 

news  'pa'per  (nuz  'pa'pgr) 

niche  (nich) 

nick'el  (nik'el) 

noi'some  (noi'sum) 

nom'ad  (nom'ad) 

no'mencla'ture  (no  ^men-kla'- 

tur) 
non'cha'lance'  (noN'sha-' 

laisrsO 
none  (ntin) 

non'pareil'  (non'pa-r6l') 
nook  (nook) 
not  (not) 

no'tori'ety  (no'to-rl'e-ty) 
nov'el  (nov'el) 
nui'sance  (nu'sans) 
nu'meral  (nu'mer-al) 
nup'tial  (nup'shal) 

Oak'um  (ok'um) 
o'asis  (o'a-sis  or  6-a'sis) 
oaths  (othz) 
obe'dience  (6-be'dI-ens) 
ob'ligatory  (6b'li-ga-to-ry) 
ob'sequies  (ob'se-kwiz) 
ob'stacle  (ob'sta-k'l) 
obtru'sive  (6b-tru'siv) 
Od'yssey  (od'is-sy) 
of  (ov) 
off  (6^ 


offer  (of'fgr) 

office  (of 'fis) 

often  (of 'n) 

o'men  (o'mgn) 

on  (on) 

once  (wiins) 

o'nyx  (6 'niks  or  on'iks) 

o'pen  (o'p'n) 

oppo'nent  (op-po'nent) 

op'portune'  (op'por-tiin^) 

or  (or) 

o'racle  (or'a-k'l) 

o'ral  (6'ral) 

or'ange  (6r'6nj) 

orang  '-outang '   (o-rS-ng f- 

oo-tang') 
or'chestra  (or'k6s-tra) 
or 'deal  (6r'de-al) 
or'dinarily  (or'di-na-ri-ly) 
or  'ganiza  'tion   (or  'gan-i-za  '- 

shtin) 
or'gies  (or'jlz) 
or'ifice  (or'i-fis) 
or 'i gin  (or'i-jm) 
or 'is on  (or'i-zun) 
or'nament  (or'na-ment) 
ornate'  (or-naf) 
o 'rotund'  (o 'ro-tund') 
or'thoepy  (or'tho-e-py) 
ought  (at) 
ox'ide  (oks'id  or-id) 
o'zone  (o'zon  or  6-zon') 


60 


DRILL-BOOK 


Pair  (par) 

pall'-malP  (p6l'-m6N) 
palm  (pam) 
pal'mated  (pal'ma-t6d) 
palm'er  (pam'er) 
pan 'cake'  (pan'kak') 
pan'creas  (pan'kre-as) 
pan 'egyr 'ic  (pan'e-jir 'ik) 
pan'el  (pan'61) 
pan'tomime  (pan'to-mim) 
papa'  (pa-pa'  or  pa'pa) 
papaw'  (pa-pa') 
papy'rus  (pa-pl'ras) 
par'asol'  (p^r'a-sol') 
par'cel  (par's6l  or  -sel) 
par'don  (par'd'n) 
par'egor^ic  (pSr'e-gor^k) 
par'ent  (par'ent  or  par'ent) 
pa'riah  (pa'ri-a) 
pari'etal  (pa-ri'e-tal) 
Paris 'ian  (pa-rizh'an) 
paro'chial  (pa-ro'ki-al) 
parot'id  (pa-rot'id) 
parquet'  (par-ka'  or  -k6t') 
pa'thos  (pa'thos) 
pa'tron  (pa'trun) 
pat'ronage  (pat'run-aj) 
ped'agog'ical(p6d'a-goj  ^-kal) 
ped'ago'gy  (p6d'a-go'jy) 
pedun'cle^  (pe-dtin'k'l) 
pen'tagon  (p6n'ta-gon) 
pe'ony  (pe'6-ny) 


per'adven'ture  (p6r'ad-v6n^- 

tur) 
per'emptorily    (p6r'6nip-t6- 

ri-ly) 
perfid'ious  (per-fid'i-us) 
per'il  (pgr'il) 
per'manent  (per'ma-nent) 
persist'ent  (per-sist'ent) 
per'son  (per's'n) 
per'sonage  (per'sun-aj) 
per'sonal  (per'sun-ai) 
per'sonate  (per'sun-at) 
persua'sive  (per-swa'siv) 
pet'it  (pet'y ;  Fr.  pe-te') 
phar'maceu'tic  (far'ma- 

sti'tik) 
philan'thropy  (fi-lan'thro-py) 
Philis'tine  (fi-lis'tin) 
philol'ogy  (fi-lol'6-jy) 
philos'ophy  (fi-l6s'6-fy) 
phys'iog'nomy    (fiz'i-og'no- 

my) 
piaz'za  (pi-az'za) 
pique  (pSk) 
pi 'que'  (pe'ka') 
pis'til  (pis'til) 
placard'  (pla-kard'  or  plak'- 

ard) 
pla'giarism    (pla'ja-riz'm   or 

pla'ji-a-) 
plait  (plat) 
plateau'  (pla-to*^ 


IN  DICTIONARY  WORK. 


61 


plebe'ian  (ple-be'yan) 
pie 'nary  (ple'na-ry) 
plov'er  (pluv'er) 
po'em  (po'gm) 
poign'ant  (poin'ant) 
poi'son  (poi'z'n) 
police'  (p6-les') 
pol'len  (pol'lgn) 
po'lonaise'  (a.)  (p6'16-naz') 
po'lonaise'  (n.)  (po'lo-naz^) 
pol'ygon  (pol'i-gon) 
pom 'm el  (pum'mgl) 
pon'iard  (pon'yerd) 
por'celain  (por'se-lln) 
por'cine  (por'sTn) 
por 'poise  (por'pus) 
por'tion  (por 'shun) 
por 'trait  (por'trat) 
prai'rie  (pra'ri) 
prayer  (prar) 
pray'er  (pra'er) 
preced'ence  (pre-sed'ens) 
prec'edent  (ii.)  (pres'e-dent) 
preced'ent  (a.)  (pre-sed'ent) 
precise'  (pre-sis') 
precise 'ly  (pre-sls'ly) 
preco'cious  (pre-ko'shus) 
precoc'ity  (pre-kos'i-ty) 
pred'icate  {n.)  (pred'i-kat) 
pred'icate  (v,)  (pr6d'i-kat) 
pre 'science  (pre'shi-ens  or 
-shens) 


pre 'sclent  (pre'shl-ent  or 

-shent) 
presen'timent  (pre-sen'tl- 

ment) 
present 'ment  (pre-z6nt'- 

ment) 
pretense'  (pre-t6ns') 
pret'ty  (prit'ty) 
preven'tive  (pre-v6nt1v) 
pri'ma  don'na   (pre 'ma 

don'na) 
pri'ma  fa'cie  (pri'ma  fa'sh!-e) 
pri'mary  (pri'ma-ry) 
prime 'val  (pri-me'val) 
pris'on  (priz"n) 
pris'tine  (pris'tin) 
priv'ative  (priv'a-tiv) 
prob'ity  (prob'i-ty) 
proc'ess  (pros '6s) 
produce'  {v.)  (pro-dus') 
prod'uce  (n.)  (prod 'tis) 
profuse'  (a.)  (pro-ftis') 
progress'  (v.)  (pr6-gr6s') 
prog'ress  (n.)  (prog'rgs) 
project'  (v.)  (pr6-j6kt') 
proj'ect  (n.)  (proj'gkt) 
prolix'  (pro-liks'  or  pro'liks) 
pro'logue  (pro 'log) 
pronun'cia'tion  (pro-nun 'sl- 

a'shun  or  -shl-a'shun) 
proph'ecy  (prof'e-sy) 
proph'esy  (prof'e-si) 


62 


DRILL-BOOK 


propi'tia'tion   (pro-plsh'I-a'- 

sMn) 
pro  'te  'ge '  (pro  'ta  'zha ') 
prov'en  (proov^n) 
psalm  (sam) 
psal'mody  (sal'mo-dy  or  sam'- 

6-dy) 
psal'ter  (sal'ter) 
pseu'do  (su'do) 
Psy'che  (si'ke) 
pugh  (poo) 
pump 'kin  (pumpQiln) 
put  {v.)  (put) 
put  (71.)  (put) 
pylo'rus  (pi-lo'rus) 
pyram'idal  (pi-r^m 'i-dal) 
pyri'tes  (pi-ri'tez) 
py'thon  (pi'thon) 

Quad  'ruple  (k wod 'ru-p'l) 
qualms  (kwamz) 
quar'antine  (n.)  (kwor'an- 

ten) 
quar'antine'   (v,)    (kwor'an- 

ten/) 
quash  (kwosh) 
quer'ulous  (kwer'u-lus) 
ques'tion  (kwes'chtin) 
qui 'nine  (kwi'nin  or  kwi-nin' 

or  kwi-nen') 
quo'ta  (kwo'ta) 
quo'tient  (kwo'shent) 


Eail'lery  (ral'ler-y  or  ral'-) 

rai'sin  (ra'z'n) 

rap'ine  (rap 'in) 

rare  (rar) 

ra'tioc  'inate  (rash '1-0 s  'i-nat) 

ra'tioc'ina'tion  (rash'i-osi- 

na'shun) 
ra'tional  (rash'un-al) 
rav'el  (rav"l) 
ra'ven  (n.)  (ra'v'n) 
rav'en  (v.)  (rav'^n) 
ravine'  (ra-ven') 
re'al  (re'al) 
re 'ally  (re'al-ly) 
rea'son  (re'z'n) 
reb'el  (n.)  (r6b'6l) 
rebel'  {v.)  (re-b6l') 
recess'  (re-s6s') 
rec'itative'  (r6s'i-ta-tev') 
reck'on  (r6k"n) 
recon'noissance  (re-kon'nis- 

sans) 
rec'onnoi'ter  (rek '6n-noi 'ter) 
recourse'  (re-kors') 
rec'rea 'tion  (r6k 're-a  'shun) 
refuse'  {v.)  (re-ftiz') 
refuse  (n.)  (r6f 'us) 
refut'able  (re-ftit'a-b'l) 
re'gime'  (ra'zhem') 
reme'diable  (re-me'di-a-b'l) 
ren'dezvous  (r6n'de-voo  or 

rax'-) 


IJY  DICTIONARY   WORK. 


63 


reprint'  (v.)  (re-prinf) 
re 'print'  (n.)  (re 'print') 
rep'tile  (rgp'til) 
research'es  (re-serch'ez) 
res'igna'tion  (rez'ig-na'shun) 
res 'in  (rgz'm) 
resource'  (re-sors') 
respir'able  (re-spir'a-b'l  or 

r6s'pi-ra-b'l) 
re'su'me'  (ra'zu'ma') 
resume'  (re-zum') 
re 'tail  {n.)  (re'tal) 
retail'  (v.)  (re-tal') 
re  veil 'le  (r6-val'ya) 
rev'el  (rgv'el) 
rev'elry  (rev'el-ry) 
rev'erie  (r6v'er-i  or  r6v'er-e') 
rev'ery  (r6v'er-y) 
rev'ocable  (rev'6-ka-b'l) 
rid'den  (rid"n) 
rip 'en  (rlp"n) 
rise  (v.)  (riz) 
rise  (n.)  (ris  or  riz) 
ris'en  (riz"n) 
rob  (rob) 
robust'  (ro-busf) 
role  (rol) 

romance'  (ro-m^ns') 
roof  (roof) 
rook  (rook) 
root  (root) 
rot  (rot) 


routine'  (roo-ten') 
row'en  (rou'gn) 
rule  (rul) 

Sab'aoth  (sab'a-oth  or  sa-ba'- 

6th) 
sac'rament  (s^k'ra-ment) 
sac'rifice  (s^k'ri-fiz) 
sac'rilege  (sak'ri-lgj) 
sac'rile'gious  (sak'ri-le'jus) 
sad'den  (sad'd'n) 
saga'cious  (sa-ga'shus) 
salaam'  (sa-lam') 
sal'ic  (sal'ik) 
sa'line  (sa'lin  or  sa-lin') 
salm'on  (s^m'un) 
sa'lon'  (sa'loN') 
sal'utary  (sal'u-ta-ry) 
salve  (sav) 
sal'ver  (sal'ver) 
san'guine  (sS-n'gwin) 
Sap'phic  (saf 'ik) 
Sar'acen  (s^r'a-sgn) 
sarce'net  (sars'ngt) 
sar'dine  (sar'den  or  sar-den') 
sar'dine  (sar'din  or  -dm) 
sar'saparil  'la  (sar'sa-pa-r!l  'la) 
sat'in  (sat'in) 
sat'ire  (sS-t'ir) 
sat'irist  (sat'er-ist) 
Sat'urn  (sat'urn) 
sa'tyr  (sa'ter) 


64 


DRILL-BOOK 


saun'ter  (san'tgr) 

sa'vant'  (saVax') 

scald  (v.  and  n. = burn)  (skald) 

scald  (n.  =  a  poet)  (skald  or 

scalene'  (ska-len')        [skald) 

seal 'lop  (skol'lup) 

schism  (siz'm) 

sciat'ica  (si-at'i-ka) 

scoff  (skof) 

scold  (skold) 

scourge  (skurj) 

scrive'ner    (skriv'ner   or 

skriv'^n-er) 
scru'pulous  (skru'pu-lus) 
se'ance'  (sa'aNs') 
sea'son  (se'z'n) 
sec'retary  (s6k're-ta-ry) 
sed'entary  (s6d'6n-ta-ry) 
semes'ter  (se-m6s'ter) 
sen'eschal  (sSn'g-shal) 
se'nile  (se'nil) 
sen'na  (s6n'na) 
sep'ulture  (s6p'ul-tur) 
ser'aph  (sSr'af) 
ser'pentine  (ser'p6n-tin) 
serv'ile  (serv'il) 
sev'en  (s6v"n) 
sew'er  (su'gr) 
sew'er  (so'gr) 
shak'en  (shaken) 
sheaths  (sheths) 
shek'el  (sh6k"l) 


shov'el  (shuv'^l) 

shrank  (shrank) 

shrew  (shru) 

shriek  (shrek) 

shrine  (shrin) 

shroud  (shroud) 

shrub  (shrub) 

shrug  (shrug) 

sice  (siz  or  sis) 

sies'ta  (se-es'ta) 

sil'houette'   (sil'do-6t'   or 

siPoo-6t') 
silk'en  (silk"n) 
sim'ilar  (sini'i-lgr) 
siin'ony  (sim'6-ny) 
simoom'  (si-moom') 
si'multa'neous   (si'mul-ta'ne- 

us) 
si'necure  (sl'ne-ktir) 
sir'up  (sir'up) 
skel'eton  (skgl'e-tun) 
slid'den  (slid'd'n) 
slob'ber  (slob'ber) 
slough  (n.)  (slou) 
slough  (v.)  (sltif) 
sobri'ety  (s6-bri'e-ty) 
so'bri'quet'  (so'bre'ka') 
soci'ety  (s6-si'e-ty) 
soft  (soft) 

soi'-di'sant'  (swa'de'z^N') 
soi'ree'  (swa'ra') 
so'journ  (so' j urn  or  s6-jurn') 


i 


IN  DICTIONARY   WORK. 


65 


sol'emn  (sol'gm) 
solu'tion  (so-lu'shun) 
soot  (soot  or  soot) 
sough'ing  (suf  ing) 
sought  (sat) 
sou'venir'  (sooVe-ner'  or 

soov'ner) 
sov'ereign  (suv'er-in  or  sov'-) 
spav'in  (spav'm) 
spe'cious  (spe'shus) 
sper'mace^ti  (sper'ma-se'ti) 
spher'ical  (sf6r'i-kal) 
spher'ule  (sfgr'ule  or  -ul) 
spin 'age  (spin'aj) 
spo'ken  (spo'k'n) 
spo'lia'tion  (spo'li-a'shun) 
spoon  (spoon)* 
squal'id  (skwol'id) 
squa'lor  (skwa'lor) 
stare  (star) 
stol'en  (stolen) 
stro'phe  (stro'fe) 
stupen'dous  (stu-p6n'dus) 
stu'pid  (stu'pid) 
sub'ject  (n.)  (sub'jgkt) 
subject'  {v.)  (sub-jekf) 
sub'limate  (y.)  (sub'li-mat) 
sub'limate  (n.)  (sub'li-mat) 
sub'lunary  (sub'lu-na-ry) 
subpoe'na  (sub-pe'na) 
sub'tile  (sub'til  or  sut"l) 
sub'tle  (sut"l) 


succumb'  (suk-kiim'  or 

-kumb') 
sud'den  (siid'dgn) 
suffice'  (suf-fiz') 
suggest'  (sug-jesf  or  sud-j6st') 
suit  (sut) 
suite  (swet) 
sul'len  (sul'len) 
su'mac  (su'mak  or  shu'mak) 
su'pererog'atory  (sti'per-e- 

rog  'a-to-ry) 
supe'rior  (su-pe'ri-er) 
su'pine  {n.)  (su'pin) 
supine'  (a.)  (su-pin') 
sup'ple  (sup'p'l) 
su  p'posi  'tion  (sup'po-zish  'tin) 
survey'  (v.)' (sur-va') 
sur'vey  {n.)  (sur'va or  sur-va') 
su'ture  (su'tur)  ^ 

swarth'y  (swarth'y)/^ 
swear  (swar) 
swiv'el  (swiv"l) 
swoll'en  (swol"n) 
syn'chronous  (sm'kro-nus) 
syn'cope  (sm'ko-pe) 
sys'tole  (sls'to-le) 

Tab'ernacle  (tab'er-na-k'l) 

tak'en  (tak"n) 

talc  (talc) 

talk  (tak) 

tam'bourine'  (tarn 'boor-en  0 


66 


DRILL-BOOK 


tap'estiy  (tap'6s-try) 
ta'pis  (ta'pis  or  ta-pe') 
tarpau'lin  (tar-pa'lln) 
tas'sel  (tas's'l) 
taught  (tat) 
tena'cioiis  (te-na'shus) 
ten'et  (t6n'6t) 
tete'a-tete'  (tat'a-taf) 
teuton'ic  (tu-ton'ik) 
the'ater  (the'a-ter) 
their  (thar) 
the'ories  (the'6-r!z) 
thith'er  (thith'er) 
thought  (that) 
three 'penny  (thr!p'en-ny) 
thresh'old  (thrgsh'old) 
tia'ra  (ti-a'ra) 
tin'sel  (tin's6l) 
ti'ny  (tl'ny) 
tirade'  (tl-rad') 
tobac'co  (to-bak'ko) 
toma'to  (to-ma'to  or  to-ma'- 
,     to) 

tontine'  (ton-ten') 
tortoise  (tor'tis  or  -tus) 
tour'nament  (toor'na-ment  or 

tur'-) 
to 'ward  (to'erd) 
tow'el  (tou'61) 
tra'chea  (tra'ke-a) 
traduce'  (tra-dus') 
trag'acanth  (trag'a-kanth) 


trance  (trans) 

tran'quil  (tran'kwil) 

tranquility  (tran-kwil'li-ty) 

transac'tion  (tr^ns-ak'shun) 

transla'tion  (trans-la'shun) 

transpar'ent  (trans-par'ent) 

trav'el  (trav'6l) 

trav'erse  (tr^v'ers) 

trea'son  (tre'z'n) 

trib'une  (trib'un) 

tri'lobite  (trl'16-blt) 

tri'pod  (tri'pod) 

tro'che  (tro'ke) 

tro'chee  (tro'ke) 

tro'phy  (tro'fy) 

troth  (troth) 

trou'badour'  (troo'bSrdoor') 

trough  (trof) 

trous'seau^  (troo'so^) 

trow  (tro) 

tru'culent  (tru'ku-lent) 

tune  (tun) 

tur'gid  (tur'jid) 

tym'panum  (tim'pa-num) 

tyran'nic  (ti-ran'nik) 

tyr'anny  (tir'an-ny) 

Un'cle  (un'k'l) 
un 'dress  {n,)  (un'drgs) 
undress'  (v.)  (un-dr6s') 
unique'  (u-nek') 
u'nison  (ti'nl-siin) 


IN  DICTWNAJtY   WORK-' 


67 


unnec'essarily  (un-ngs'gs-sa- 

ri-ly) 
U'ranus  (ti'ra-nus) 
us 'age  (tiz'aj) 
usu'rious  (u-zhu'rl-us) 
usurp'  (u-zurp') 
uxo*i*ious  (uks-6'ri-us) 

Vac'cine  (vak'sin  or  -sin) 
vaga'ry  (va-ga'ry) 
valise'  (va-les') 
va'riega'ted  (va'ri-e-ga't6d) 
va'ry  (va'ry) 
ve'hement  (ve'he-ment) 
ve'nial  (ve'ni-al) 
ven'ison  (v6n'i-z'n  or  vgn'z'n) 
vera'cious  (ve-ra'shus) 
ves'sel  (v6s's6l) 
vic'ar  (vik'er) 
vi'ce  (prep.)  (-vl'se) 
.  vict'uals  (vitr'z) 
vig'il  (vij'il) 
vignette'    (vin-ygf   or    vm'- 

yet) 

vin'culum  (vm'ku-lum) 
vi'olent  (vl'6-lent) 
vira'go  (vi-ra'go) 
virtu'  (vir-too'  or  ver'too) 
vir'ulent  (vir'u-lent) 
vise'  (ve-za') 

viz'ier  (viz'yer  or  vi-zer') 
voy'age  (voi'aj) 


Wad'y  (wod'y) 

waft  (waft) 

wak'en  (wak"n) 

Walla'chian  (wol-la'ki-an) 

wan  (won) 

want  (want) 

war  (war) 

ward'en  (ward"n) 

warm  (warm) 

was  (woz) 

wa'ter  (wa'ter) 

weap'on  (wgp'un) 

wear  (war) 

wea'sel  (we'z'l) 

wee'vil  (we'v'l) 

were  (wer) 

what  (hwot) 

where  (hwar) 

wid'en  (wid"n) 

wise'acre  (wiz'a-kgr) 

worn 'an  (woom'an) 

wom'en  (wim'gn) 

won  (wun) 

wont  (wunt) 

won't  (wont) 

wood'en  (wood'^n) 

wool'gn  (wool'gn) 

wore  (wor) 

worn  (worn) 

worst'ed  (wurst'gd) 

worst'ed  (wust'gd  or  wur'stgd) 

wov'en  (wov"n) 


68 


WILIr-EOOK  IN. DICTIONARY   WORK. 


wraiths  (raths) 
wratli  (rath) 
wreaths  (rethz) 
wrist'band  (rlst'band) 
writ'ten  (rlfn) 
wrong  (rong) 
wrought  (rat) 


Yacht  (yot) 

yolk  (yolk  or  yok) 

youths  (tiths) 

Ze'bra  (ze'bra) 
zool'ogy  (z6-ol'6-jy) 
zouave  (zwav  or  zoo-^v') 


Typography  cy  J.  S,  Gushing  &  Co..  Norwood,  Mass.    U.S.A. 


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